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H Biology > glossary for all units <3 > Flashcards

glossary for all units <3 Flashcards

1
Q

absorbed

A

the light which is taken into a plant leaf by pigments

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2
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum energy required by reactants to allow reaction to occur

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3
Q

active site

A

the region of an enzyme molecule where the enzyme acts on the substrate

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4
Q

aestivation

A

dormancy in response to high temperature or drought

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5
Q

agriculture

A

the process of producing feed and other desirable products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals

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6
Q

allele

A

one of the different forms of a gene

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7
Q

allele frequency

A

the prevalence of alternative versions of genes

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8
Q

aesthetic

A

branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty and art

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9
Q

anabolic

A

a reaction which requires energy and builds up molecules

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10
Q

animal welfare

A

physical and psychological well-being of animals. the term animal welfare can also mean human concern for animal welfare. welfare is measured by indicators including behaviour, physiology, longevity and reproduction

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11
Q

annual weed

A

plant which grows, flowers, sets seeds, and dies within the space of one year

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12
Q

anthropomorphism

A

the tendency to attribute to animals human qualities such as mental, social and emotional characteristics

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13
Q

anticodon

A

a triplet of exposed bases on a tRNA molecule

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14
Q

antiparallel

A

running in an opposite direction

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15
Q

apical meristems

A

growing points (regions of mitosis) found at the tips of plant stems or roots allowing increase in length

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16
Q

archaea

A

a group of single-celled microorganisms

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17
Q

artificial selection

A

intentional breeding controlled by humans for particular traits or characteristics

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18
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms

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19
Q

ATP synthase

A

an enzyme which produces ATP

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20
Q

biodiversity

A

degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet

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21
Q

bioinformatics

A

a process which combines computer science and statisitical analysis to study genomes

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22
Q

biological catalysts

A

catalysts made of protein that are only found in living cells

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23
Q

biological yield

A

total plant biomass

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24
Q

blastocyst

A

an embryo that has developed for 5-6 days after fertilisation

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25
Q

bottleneck

A

an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing

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26
Q

calorimeter

A

a piece of equipment used to measure heat generation from an organism to allow metabolic rate to be calculated

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27
Q

calvin cycle/carbon fixation

A

a series of biochemical reactions that takes place in the chloroplast and does not require light

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28
Q

carnivore

A

animal which eats meat and which derives its energy requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue whether through predation or scavenging

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29
Q

catabolic

A

a reaction which releases energy and breaks down molecules

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30
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green pigment which is found in almost all plants and green algae. it absorbs light which is essential for photosynthesis

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31
Q

chloroplast

A

the photosynthetic unit of a plant cell, containing all the chlorophyll

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32
Q

citric acid cycle

A

the second stage of respiration, where acetyl from acetyl coa and oxaloacetate join to form citrate and a series of reactions which return citrate to oxaloacetate

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33
Q

codon

A

a triplet of exposed bases on a length of mRNA

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34
Q

competition

A

an interaction or struggle between organisms or species for a source such as food, territory or mates, in which the fitness or numbers of one is reduced by the presence of another

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35
Q

competitive inhibition

A

competitive inhibition of enzyme activity occurs when an inhibitor, resembling the structure of the substrate, binds to the active site of the enzyme and blocks the binding of the substrate

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36
Q

cooperative hunting

A

animals such as lions hunt as a group to increase their chances of successfully killing prey

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37
Q

cross pollination

A

when pollen is delivered to a flower of a different plant

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38
Q

crossbreeding

A

a crossbreed, (adjective crossbred) usually refers to an animal with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. crossbreeding refers to the process of breeding such an animal, often with the intention to create offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages, or producing an animal with hybrid vigour

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39
Q

cultivar

A

plant or group of plants selected for a particular characteristic

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40
Q

daily torpor

A

a period of reduced activity in organisms with high metabolic rates

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41
Q

degradation

A

process by which ecosystems or habitats are broken down or fragmented

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42
Q

dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme which removes hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates

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43
Q

deletion

A

removal of a length of DNA from a chromosome

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44
Q

deletion mutation

A

loss of a section of DNA or a number of nucleotides

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45
Q

differentiation

A

the process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialised function

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46
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme that facilitates the process by which which fragments of DNA are joined together

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47
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesises DNA strands from individual nucleotides

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48
Q

dormancy

A

a condition of biological rest or inactivity characterised by cessation of growth or development and the suspension of many metabolic processes

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49
Q

double helix

A

the double helical shape of a DNA molecule

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50
Q

duplication

A

repetition of a series of nucleotides within a chromosome

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51
Q

economic yield

A

the mass of desired product

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52
Q

effector

A

cells, muscles, or glands which perform responses to stimuli

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53
Q

electron transport chain

A

the final stage of respiration where high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are used to synthesise ATP

54
Q

endemic

A

an organism is unique to a defined ecological or geographical locations such as an island, nation or other zone, or habitat. for example, lemurs are endemic to madagascar; none are native elsewhere

55
Q

ethogram

A

a catalogue or inventory of all behaviours or actions exhibited by an animal

56
Q

eukaryote

A

an organism which possesses a membrane-bound nucleus

57
Q

exons

A

the parts of the initial mRNA which are used to code for proteins

58
Q

extinction

A

the complete loss of a species from the planet

59
Q

extremophile

A

an organism which is able to live in exteme conditions eg high temperature

60
Q

FAD

A

a co-enzyme which easily attaches to hydrogen ions, but releases them when they are required

61
Q

feedback inhibition

A

regulation of enzyme activity where the first enzyme of a metabolic pathway is inhibited by the reversible binding of the final product of the pathway

62
Q

fermentation

A

a type of respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen

63
Q

food security

A

the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity

64
Q

fragementation

A

habitat fragmentation describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism’s environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation

65
Q

fungicide

A

a chemical compound or biological organism used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores

66
Q

G3P

A

glycerate-3-phosphate, which is a substance found in the calvin cycle

67
Q

gene pool

A

complete set of unique alleles in a species or population

68
Q

genetic diversity

A

compromises the genetic variation represented by the number and frequency of alleles in a population

69
Q

genetic uniformity

A

when the genes or alleles of a population are similar and show little variation

70
Q

genetics

A

the branch of biology that deals with hereditary, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited traits among similar or related organisms

71
Q

genome

A

the entirelty of an organism’s hereditary information

72
Q

genomics

A

the science of interpreting genes; the study of an organism’s genome using information systems, databases, and computerised research tools

73
Q

genotype

A

a statement of an organism’s alleles for a particular characteristic usually given as symbols - a pea plant could have the genotype CC if it were homozygous for pink petal colour or the genotype Cc if it were heterozygous for the pink colour

74
Q

glycolysis

A

the first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate

75
Q

harvest index

A

a measure of yield, calculated by dividing the dry mass of economic yield by the dry mass of biological yield

76
Q

herbicide

A

a chemical compound used to kill unwanted plants

77
Q

herbivore

A

an organism adapted to eat plant-based foods, such as deer, cows and sheep

78
Q

heterotrophic

A

an organim which gains energy by consuming other organisms

79
Q

heterozygotes

A

having two different alleles for a characteristic - a pea plant heterozygous for petal colour has two different petal colour alleles Cc

80
Q

hibernation

A

an inactive state resembling deep sleep in which certain animals living in cold climates pass the winter

81
Q

hierachy

A

an organisation arranged in a graded order with member(s) at the top who are dominant over subordinate individuals

82
Q

homozygotes

A

having two identical alleles for a characteristic - a pea plant homozygous for petal colour has two identical petal colour alleses, both pink CC or both white cc

83
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the brain which monitors and regulates temperature

84
Q

immigration

A

movement into a country or area to take up a permanent residence

85
Q

inbreeding

A

the reproduction from mating two genetically related parents

86
Q

inbreeding depression

A

the reduced fitness in a given population as the result of breeding of related individuals

87
Q

induced fit model

A

a model of an enzyme-substrate reaction that causes a confirmational change in the active site of the enzyme that allows the substrate to fit perfectly

88
Q

induced fit pluripotent stem cells

A

adult cells reprogrammed to enter an embryonic stem cell-like state

89
Q

insecticide

A

a chemical compound used to kill insects

90
Q

insertion mutation

A

the addition of an extra nucleotide

91
Q

introns

A

the parts of the initial mRNA which are removed before translation

92
Q

invasive

A

introduced species that adversely affect the habitats they invade economically, environmentally and/or ecologically

93
Q

inversion

A

the inversion (reversal) of a section of DNA within a chromosome

94
Q

keystone species

A

a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance. an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity

95
Q

lagging strand

A

the strand of DNA that grows in that direction opposite to the movement of the growing fork; it is replicated in fragments

96
Q

leading strand

A

the strand of DNA that is being replicated continuously

97
Q

legume

A

a plant which is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen to synthesis amino acids which can then be built up to plant proteins. this is due to the symbiotic relationship with bacteria in the root nodules of the plants

98
Q

ligase

A

an enzyme which joins fragments of DNA together

99
Q

light reaction

A

the photosynthetic process in which solar energy is harvested and transferred into chemical bonds of ATP; can occur only in light

100
Q

livestock

A

one of more domesticated animal raised in agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre and labour. the term does not usually involve farmed fish

101
Q

mass extinction

A

a sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life

102
Q

megafauna

A

large or giant animals

103
Q

meristem

A

a growing point in a plant, ie a place where mitosis produces new cells

104
Q

messenger RNA

A

mRNA is synthesised from a DNA template, resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA

105
Q

metabolites

A

the intermediates and products of metabolic reactions that take place in organisms

106
Q

migration

A

a process which avoids metabolic adversity by expending energy to relocate to a more suitable environment

107
Q

misdirected behaviour

A

abnormal behaviour which the animal directs at another object, animal or human

108
Q

mitochondria

A

a structure in the cell responsible for producing energy

109
Q

mitochondrion

A

a structure in the cell responsible for producing energy

110
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division

111
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division

112
Q

mollusc

A

a large group of invertebrate organisms including slugs

113
Q

monoculture

A

the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. it is widely used in modern agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests of crops from minimal labour

114
Q

motivation

A

the driving force by which humans and animals achieve their goals

115
Q

NAD

A

a co-enzyme which easily attaches to hydrogen ions, but releases them when they are required

116
Q

NADP

A

coenzyme used to carry hydrogen (NADPH) to chemical reactions which require a reducing agent

117
Q

natural selection

A

the survival of the fittst, whereby only individuals with the most suitable genetic constitution for any set of circumstances pass their genes on

118
Q

naturalised

A

any process by which a non-native organism spreads into the wild and its reproduction is sufficient to maintain its population

119
Q

negative feedback

A

homeostasis; the process by which an increase in one factor causes a decrease in another factor, thereby maintaining equilibrium around a set point

120
Q

nematode

A

organisms which belong to the group known as the roundworms and can be found in almost every ecological system

121
Q

net assimilation

A

the conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of absorption

122
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

a molecule binds to part of the enzyme away from the active site, and causes a conformational change in the active site of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the binding of the appropriate substrate molecule

123
Q

nutrient medium

A

a mixture of nutrients (including carbon and nitrogen sources) required for growth

124
Q

outbreeding

A

the practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line

125
Q

pecking order

A

a natural hierarchy in a group of birds, such as domestic fowl

126
Q

perennial

A

a plant which lives for more than two years

127
Q

persistent

A

chemical compounds whcih do not break down or degrade easily in the environmet

128
Q

placatory

A

leading to a reduction in tension, to pacify or appease

129
Q

plasmid

A

a circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carries only a few genes

130
Q

plastome

A

the genetic material that is found in plastids in plant cells (for examples in the chloroplast). it composes part of the entire genome of photosynthetic organisms

131
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

these are stem cells, with the potential to make any differentiated cell in the body

132
Q

polyculture

A

H Biology (31 decks)

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