FORENSIC

Question 1

Aim of offender profiling

Answer 1

narrow down list of likely suspects

Question 2

top down approach origin

Answer 2

FBI interviewed 36 sexually motivated murderers and used this data and their characteristics of their crimes to create 2 categories - organised and disorganised.

Question 3

organised characteristics TD

Answer 3

• planning crime
• targets victime
• high iq
• high degree of control
• usually married may have children

Question 4

disorganised characteristics TD

Answer 4

• impulsive less planning
• crime scene reflects impulsiveness
• below average IQ unemployed
• history of failed relationships and living alone

Question 5

FBI profile construction 4 steps TD

Answer 5

1. data assimilation
2. crime scene classification
3. crime reconstruction
4. profile generation

Question 6

Bottom up approach

Answer 6

aim is to generate picture of offenders characteristics, routines and background through analysis of evidence.

Question 7

investigative psychology BU

Answer 7

detects patterns of behaviour that are likely to occur or coexist. Using statistical database. Interpersonal coherence how they interact with victim.

Question 8

geographical profiling BU

Answer 8

locations of crime scenes are used to infer the likely base of an offender

Question 9

canter types of offender BU

Answer 9

marauder- operates close to home

commuter- travelled a distance away when committing a crime

Question 10

canter’s circle theory BU

Answer 10

pattern of offending is likely to form a circle around the offenders usual residence this becomes more apparent the more offences there are. Offenders spatial decision can provide insight into the nature of the offence eg. planned or opportunist.

Question 11

Eysenck Criminal personality characteristics

Answer 11

extroversion-neurotic-psychotic

Question 12

extroversion

Answer 12

underactive nervous system so constantly seek excitement and stimulation. Dont condition easily.

Question 13

neurotic

Answer 13

high level of reactivity in sympathetic nervous system so they react quickly in situations of threat. Behaviour is nervous, jumpy and anxious.

Question 14

psychoticism

Answer 14

higher levels of testosterone and are unemotional and prone to aggression.

Question 15

Eysenck personality questionnaire

Answer 15

measures personality and locates individuals across the E,N and P spectrum.

Question 16

level of moral reasoning

Answer 16

way a person thinks about right and wrong. Higher the level the more the behaviour is driven by sense.

Question 17

3 stages of kohlbergs moral reasoning

Answer 17

pre conventional
conventional morality
post conventional

Question 18

kohlberg et al

Answer 18

using moral dilemmas found that offenders had significantly lower level of moral development

Question 19

pre conventional morality

Answer 19

need to avoid punishment and gain rewards less mature

Question 20

cognitive distortions

Answer 20

biases in info processing faulty thinking. hostil attribution bias and minimilisation

Question 21

hostile attribution bias

Answer 21

misinterpret actions of other people. Offenders may misread non aggressive cues triggereing a violent response.

Question 22

Schonenberg and Jusyte cognitive distortions

Answer 22

presented 55 violent offenders with images of ambiguous expressions percieved aggressive more than control group,.

Question 23

Frame cognitive distortions

Answer 23

showed children unabigous video percieved as aggressive

Question 24

minimilisation

Answer 24

attempt to deny or downplay the seriousness of an offence.

Question 25

barbaree minimilisation

Answer 25

26 rapists 54% denied crime and 40% minimised harm

Question 26

differential association theory

Answer 26

learn values through association and interaction with different people

Question 27

sutherland DAT

Answer 27

if number of pro crime attitudes the person comes to acquire outweights anticrime they will offend.

Question 28

how to predict how likely offending is DAT

Answer 28

frequency, intensity and duration of exposure to deviant and non deviant normas and values

Question 29

inadequate superego psychodynamic

Answer 29

• weak superego
• deviant superego
• overharsh superego

Question 30

weak superego

Answer 30

same gender parent absent during phallic stage a child cant internalise superego

Question 31

deviant superego

Answer 31

superego a child internalises has immoral values

Question 32

over harsh superego

Answer 32

identification with strict parent so crippled with fuilt and anxiety so want to satify superego need for punishment

Question 33

Bowlby 44 thieves

Answer 33

maternal deprivation causes affectionless psychopathy. 14 had affectionless psychopathy 12 had been deprived.

Question 34

Canter used bottom up profiling to..

Answer 34

Create profile of duffy bader in rvidnece at scene

Question 35

Forensic awareness BU

Answer 35

Behavioru may be inficative of previosu criminal experinece

Question 36

Top down definition

Answer 36

Start with a preestabkished typology and assign offenders to one category based on witnessed and evidnencr

Question 37

Research support of top down

Answer 37

Canter analysis 100 us murders which revealed there was a subset of features which mached fbi typology. Used small space analysis

Question 38

Wider appliaction TD

Answer 38

Meketa top down applied to burglary leading to 85% rise in solved cases in three US states

Question 39

Evidence for investigative psychology BU

Answer 39

Canter and heritage analysis of 66 sexual assault cases examined using small space analysis several behaviours identified as common

Question 40

Evidnece of geographical profiling BU

Answer 40

canter 120 murder cases and offenders base was lovwted in the centre of pattern

Question 41

Profiling was useful in what % of cases but only led to accurate identification of offender in % of cases

Answer 41

83% yseful 3% accurate