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PSYCH A LEVEL > BIOPSYCH > Flashcards

BIOPSYCH Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system

A

to secrete the hormones which are required to regulate many body functions

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2
Q

outline the fight and flight response

A

release of adrenaline from adrenal gland activates sympathetic nervous system to increase HR.

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3
Q

effects on body of fight or flight

A

pupils dilate, increase HR and blood flow to brain. Sweating

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4
Q

what is the gap between each neruon

A

synapse

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5
Q

signals within neurins are transmitted

A

electronically

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6
Q

signals between neurons are transmitted

A

chemically

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7
Q

neurotransmitters are released from

A

synaptic vesicles

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8
Q

neurotransmitter is taken up by

A

postsynaptic receptor site on dendrites of next neuron

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9
Q

what direction do neurotransmitters travel

A

one direction

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10
Q

how is action potential of neuron triggered

A

if excitory and inhibitory signals reach threshold

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11
Q

function of the nervous system

A

network of cells and our primary communication system. Based on electrical signals.

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12
Q

2 functions of nervous system

A
  1. collect process and respond to info in environment

2. coordinate working of different organs and clls in the body

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13
Q

central nervous system is made up of…

A

brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

spinal cord is responsible for

A

reflex actions passes messages to and from and connects nerves to pns

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15
Q

PNS system is divided into

A

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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16
Q

role of autonomic nervous system

A

governs vital functions in body

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17
Q

role of somatic nervous system

A

governs muscle movement and recieves info from sensory receptors

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18
Q

role of glands

A

produce hormones

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19
Q

key gland

A

pituitary gland

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20
Q

role of hormones

A

they are secreted into the bloodstream and affect cells in the body that have a receptor for that hormone

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21
Q

thyroxine is produced by

A

thyroid gland which affects cells in heart and increases metabolic rate

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22
Q

80% of neurons are

A

in the brain

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23
Q

sensory neurons role

A

carry messages from PNS to CNS

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24
Q

sensory neurons structure

A

long dendrites short axon

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25
Q

relay neurons role

A

connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

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26
Q

relay neurons structure

A

short dendrites and short axons

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27
Q

motor neurons role

A

connect CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands

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28
Q

motor neurone structure

A

short dendrites and long axon

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29
Q

cell body

A

includes a nucleus containing DNA

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30
Q

Dendrites

A

carry nerve impulses from neighbouring neurons towards cell body

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31
Q

axon

A

carries electrical impulse away from cell body down neuron

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32
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects axon

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33
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

speed up transmission of impulse

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34
Q

terminal buttons

A

end of axon communicate with next neurone across synapse

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35
Q

when neuron is in resting state the inside of cell is charged…

A

negatively

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36
Q

when neuron is actiovated inside it is charged

A

positively causing action potential

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37
Q

signals withi neurons are transmitted

A

electrically

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38
Q

signals between neurons are transmited

A

chemically

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39
Q

where are neurotransmitters released from

A

synpatic vesicles

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40
Q

once neurotranmsitter crosses synpase its taken up by

A

postsynaptic recpeptor site

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41
Q

why can it only travel in one direction

A

as neurotranmitters are released from the presynaotic neuron terminal and received by postsynaptic neuron

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42
Q

seretonin has … effect

A

inhibitatory

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43
Q

adrenaline has … effect

A

excitatory

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44
Q

summation

A

if net effect on postsynaptic neuron is inhibitatory the its less likely to fire

45
Q

localisation

A

theory that different areas of brain are responsible for specific behaviours

46
Q

two symmetrical halves of brain

A

left and right hemisphere

47
Q

left hemisphere controls

A

activity on right

48
Q

right hemisphere controls

A

activity on left

49
Q

language is linked to

A

left hemisphere

50
Q

4 lobes of brain:

A

temporal, occipital, parietal and frontal

51
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor area

52
Q

motor area

A

frontal lobe controls voluntary movements

53
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory area

54
Q

somatosensory area

A

parietal lobe. Sensory info is represented

55
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual area

56
Q

visual area

A

occipoital lobe. RVF to LVC . LVF to RVC

57
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory area

58
Q

auditory area

A

temporal lobe. analyses speech info

59
Q

broca area

A

speech production.

60
Q

broca aphasia

A

speech that is slow and lacks fluency

61
Q

wernicke area

A

language understanding

62
Q

wernicke aphasia

A

nonsense words

63
Q

dougherty AO3 LOCALISATION

A

44 people with OCD who had undergone a cingulotomy. 30% successfully responded to surgery.

64
Q

cingulotomy LOCALISATION

A

links to dougherty. Involves isolating a region called cingulate gyrus implicated with OCD.

65
Q

Petersen AO3 LOCALISATION

A

used brain scan to demonstrate how wernicke area was active during a listening task and broca during a reading task

66
Q

buckner + petersen AO3 LOCALISATION

A

revelead semantic and episodic memories are in different parts of prefrontal cortex

67
Q

Lashley AO3 LOCALISATION

A

removed areas of cortex in rats and no area was proven to be important in ability to learn a route. Every part of cortex used.

68
Q

Dick and Tremblay AO3 LOCALISATION

A

2% of modern researchers think language is completely controlled by broca and wernicke areas

69
Q

lateralisation

A

two halves of brain are functionally different and certain processes are controlled by one half.

70
Q

vision, motor and somatosensory are in … hemispheres

A

both

71
Q

motor area is …

A

cross wired

72
Q

motor area crosswired

A

RH control movement on left and LH controls movement on right

73
Q

visual area is …. and …

A

contralateral and ipsilateral LVF of both sides is connected to RH and RVF to the LH

74
Q

sperry study sample

A

eleven people who had split brain operation

75
Q

split brain operation

A

involves severing the connection between the RH and LH mainly the corpus callosum. It reduces epilepsy.

76
Q

sperry study procedure

A

image which was projected to ps RVF and image projected to LVF. in normal brain the info would be shared given complete picture. But in this study the info couldnt be shared.

77
Q

sperry study findings

A

picture shown to RVF could be described. But couldnt when shown to LVF. They could select the matching object.

78
Q

why could they not descrbe picture shown to LVF

A

messaged from RH are relayed to language centres in LH which wasnt possible.

79
Q

fink AO3 lateralisation

A

used PET scans to identify which brain areas were active in visual processing task. Regions of RH were more active when looking at global elements. But LH focused on finer detail

80
Q

Nielsen AO3 lateralisation

A

analysed brain scans and found that people used certain hemispheres for certain tasks but no evidnece of dominant side

81
Q

Gazzaniga AO3 split brain

A

showed ps perform bettwe than connected control on some tasks.

82
Q

issue with sperrys research

A

epilepsy was a confounding variable so unique features of split brain cognitive abilities may be due to epilepsy

83
Q

synaptic pruning

A

rarely used connections are deleted and FAQ are strengthened

84
Q

maguire AO3 plastcityt

A

studies brain of cab drivers and found more volume of grey matter in hippocampus . This is associated with development of spatial and navigational skills

85
Q

draganski AO3 plasticity

A

imaged brains of medical students 3 months before and after exams learning occured in hippocampal and parietal cortex

86
Q

functional recovery

A

following damage the brain can adapt and compensate for damaged areas

87
Q

axonal sprouting

A

growth of new nerve endings which cinnect with other undamaged nerve cells making new neural pathways

88
Q

denervation supersensitivity

A

when axons do similar job they become aroused to a higehr level to componsate lost ones

89
Q

recruitment of homologous areas on opposite side of brain

A

if broca area is damaged the right side equivilanr woukd carry out functions

90
Q

schneider AO3 functional recovery

A

more time people with brain injury spent in education the greater chances of recovery

91
Q

FMRI name

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

92
Q

FMRI role

A

measures brain activity whilst doing a task . Detects radio waves from changing magnetic fields. Enables researchers to detect regions of brain rich in oxygen and active.

93
Q

EEG role

A

record of tiny electrical impulses produced by brains activity measures wave patterns.

94
Q

ERPs name

A

event relate potentila

95
Q

ERP role

A

response of brain to specific sensory, cognitive or motor event can be isolated through statistical analysis of EEG dats

96
Q

post mortem

A

brain is analsysed to determine whether certain observed behaviour can be linked to abnormalities in brain

97
Q

AO3 FMRI

A
  • doesnt rely on radiation , risk free and non invasive

- expensuve , poor temoiral resolution

98
Q

Chemical transmission (synaptic transmission)

A

Neurons communicate through neural networks. Signals within neurone are transmitted electrically but between neurone chemically. Once impulse reaches end of neuron it triggers the release of the neurotransmitter.

99
Q

structure of neurone

A

cell body, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier and terminal buttons

100
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that diffuse across synapse and taken up by postsynaptic receptor site. Then converted back into electrically impulse and process begins again.

101
Q

inhibitory neurones make neoron

A

negatively charged and less likely to fire

102
Q

excitatory neurone make neurone

A

positively charged and more likely to fire

103
Q

action potential only occurs

A

if sum of inhibitory and excitatory signals at any one time reach threshold

104
Q

inhibitory summation

A

less likely to fire.

neurotransmitter binds to post synaptic receptors making it less likely to fire.

105
Q

why can neurone travel only one direction

A
  • synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter are only present on one side.
  • receptors for neurotransmitters are on other side
  • diffusion high to low
106
Q

process of synaptic transmission

A
  • impulses reach the presynaptic terminal
  • electrical impulses trigger release of neurotransmitters
  • they cross synapse and combine with receptors
  • stimulation of postsynaptic receptors result in excitation or inhibition.
107
Q

who argued for localisation

A

broca and wernicke

108
Q

4 areas functions

A

motor, sensorimotor, visual and auditory

109
Q

3 ways of recovery

A

axonal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity and recruitment of smilier areas on opposite side of brain

PSYCH A LEVEL (18 decks)

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