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Phlebotomy Class 2022 > Ch 8 - Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Ch 8 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

levels of organization

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
body
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2
Q

most basic level of organization

A

cell

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3
Q

cells of similar types grouped together

A

tissues

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4
Q

tissues interact to form discrete units of function

A

organs

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5
Q

different organs interact to carry out common tasks

A

organ system

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6
Q

integrated organ systems

A

body

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7
Q

steady state of the body functions

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

the ____ contains DNA

A

nucleus

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9
Q

___ are linked to form chromosomes

A

genes

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10
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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12
Q

mitochondria supplies energy of the cell in the form of ___

A

ATP

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13
Q

all cellular material except plasma membrane and nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

encloses the cell and tightly regulates the flow of materials in/out of it

A

plasma membrane

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15
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial
muscle
nerve
connective

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16
Q

type of tissue that forms flat sheets & is most often found on surfaces where exchange with the environment takes place or where rapid regeneration must occur to prevent internal structures

A

epithelial tissue

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17
Q

tissues that move the body

A

muscle tissue

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18
Q

striated voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton

A

skeletal muscle

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19
Q

striated involuntary muscle that is found in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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20
Q

nonstriated involuntary muscle that lines the blood and lymph vessels within the body just below the epithelial tissue

A

smooth muscle

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21
Q

tissue type specialized for intercellular communication by the conduction of electrical impulses and release of chemical messages

A

nerve tissue

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22
Q

neurons contain 3 major portions:

A

dendrite
cell body (soma)
axon

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23
Q

tissue type with the purpose of binding and supporting the other types of tissue

A

connective tissue

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24
Q

which type of tissue is characterized by a relative scarcity of cells and relative abundance of ground substance secreted by the cells

A

connective tissue

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25
Q

in the ____ ____, the body is erect and facing forward

the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointed outward

A

anatomic position

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26
Q

ventral/anterior

A

front of the body

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27
Q

dorsal/posterior

A

back of the body

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28
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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29
Q

medial

A

toward the middle

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30
Q

distal

A

farthest from point of origin

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31
Q

proximal

A

closer to point of attachment

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32
Q

inferior

A

below

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33
Q

superior

A

above

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34
Q

prone

A

lying on abdomen face-down

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35
Q

supine

A

lying on back face up

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36
Q

flexion

A

movement that bends a joint

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37
Q

extension

A

movement that straightens a joint

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38
Q

abduction

A

moves farther from central axis

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39
Q

adduction

A

moves closer to central axis

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40
Q

a vertical plane dividing the body into left and right

A

sagittal plane

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41
Q

vertical plane dividing the body into front and back

A

frontal plane

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42
Q

a horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom

A

transverse plane

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43
Q

two large body cavities

A

ventral, dorsal

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44
Q

how many major cavities are there?

A

8

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45
Q

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

What do these all have in common?

A

ventral cavities

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46
Q

cranial cavity
spinal cavity

What do these all have in common?

A

dorsal cavities

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47
Q

contains the heart within the pericardial cavity and lungs within the pleural cavity

A

thoracic cavity

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48
Q

heart is in the ____ cavity

A

pericardial

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49
Q

lungs are in the ___ cavity

A

pleural

50
Q

contains the stomach, small/large intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidneys

A

abdominal cavity

51
Q

contains the bladder, rectum, ovaries, and testes

A

pelvic cavity

52
Q

contains the brain

A

cranial cavity

53
Q

contains the spinal cord

A

spinal cavity

54
Q

functions to support the body, provide movement, protect internal organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells

A

skeletal system

55
Q

bones are classified by ____

A

shape

56
Q

5 types of bones

A 
long
short
flat
semisolid
irregular
57
Q

synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthosis

these are 3 types of ____

A

joints

58
Q

disorders affecting the ____ system:

trauma
genetic diseases
metabolic diseases
autoimmune diseases
motor neuron infection or degradation
A

muscular

59
Q

lab tests for the muscular system include: ___, ___, ___

A

adolase
creatine kinase
myoglobin

60
Q

includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

A

integumentary system

61
Q

principal functions of this system include protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensation

A

integumentary system

62
Q

disorders affecting the ___ system include:

trauma
infection
neoplastic disease
inflammation

A

integumentary

63
Q

includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons in the body

A

nervous system

64
Q

the two nervous systems

A

peripheral nervous system, central nervous system

65
Q

includes the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

66
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

67
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

68
Q

somatic and autonomic nervous system

A

motor system

69
Q

bundles of neurons

A

tracts

70
Q

the 3 membranes surrounding the brain

A

pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater

71
Q

functions include body communication related to sensations, intellectual processes, and directing organs

A

nervous system

72
Q

disorders affecting the ____ system include:

trauma
stroke
infection
neoplastic diseases
degeneration
autoimmune diseases
developmental disorders
psychiatric illnesses
A

nervous

73
Q

includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, rectum, and anus

A

digestive system

74
Q

accessory organs of the digestive system

A

gallbladder, liver, pancreas

75
Q

the purpose of ____ is to break down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the intestines

A

digestion

76
Q

chyme is passed into ____ _____ to aid in digestion

A

small intestine

77
Q

food is attacked by enzymes to aid in digestion here

A

stomach

78
Q

___ secretes digestive enzymes

A

pancreas

79
Q

most water is reabsorbed here before food material is eliminated from the body

A

large intestine

80
Q

this organ produces bile and stores nutrients/carbohydrates

A

liver

81
Q

includes the kidneys, bladder, and urethra

A

urinary system

82
Q

functions include removing metabolic waste from circulation, maintaining acid-base balance, and regulating body hydration

A

urinary system

83
Q

this organ produces hormones that control blood pressure and regulate red blood cell production

A

kidneys

84
Q

hormone released by the kidneys that controls blood pressure

A

renin

85
Q

capillaries form into tight balls called ____

A

glomeruli

86
Q

urine enters the nephron through the ____ ___ and drains into the ureter through the ____

A

collecting duct

ureter

87
Q

the entire structure of fluid tubules in the kidneys is called a _____

A

nephron

88
Q

includes the nasal passages, throat, trachea, larynx, bronchi, and lungs

A

respiratory system

89
Q

the function of this system is to obtain oxygen for use by the body’s cells and to expel the carbon dioxide waste from metabolic processes

A

respiratory system

90
Q

this system relies on the circulatory system to transport gases to and from the lungs

A

respiratory system

91
Q

expansion of the chest cavity

A

external respiration

92
Q

expanding the chest cavity _____ internal pressure and forces air into airways

A

decreases

93
Q

____ is accomplished by relaxation of respiratory muscles and contraction of abdominal muscles

A

exhalation

94
Q

oxyhemoglobin is carried through the circulatory system to all the body’s tissues

A

internal respiration

95
Q

comprises the glands and tissues that produce hormones that are released into the circulatory system

A

endocrine system

96
Q

functions with the nervous system to tightly regulate body function to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine system

97
Q 
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
GH
MSH
ADH
prolactin
oxytocin

These hormones are released by which gland?

A

pituitary gland

98
Q

thyroxine
triiodothryonine
calcitonin

These hormones are released by which gland?

A

thyroid gland

99
Q

parathormone

This hormones is released by which gland?

A

parathyroid gland

100
Q

thymosin

This hormones is released by which gland?

A

thymus gland

101
Q

insulin
glucagon

These hormones are released by which gland?

A

pancreas

102
Q 
epinephrine
norepinephrine
glucocorticoids
corticosterone
aldosterone

These hormones are released by which gland?

A

adrenal glands

103
Q

testosterone
estrogen
progesterone

These hormones are released by which gland?

A

gonads

104
Q

disorders affecting the _____ system most often involve either hypersecretion or hyposecretion

A

endocrine

105
Q

____ is most often caused by a tumor of the glandular tissue or excess administration

A

hypersecretion

106
Q

___ may result from genetic disease, autoimmunity, or nutritional deficiency

A

hyposecretion

107
Q

the ____ _______ system includes the testes, urethra, prostate, and penis

A

male reproductive

108
Q

functions to produce and ejaculate sperm

A

male reproductive system

109
Q

the ___ _____ system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and cervix

A

female reproductive

110
Q

functions to produce eggs, to allow for fertilization, and to nourish the developing embryo

A

female reproductive system

111
Q

disorders of the male reproductive system are treated by an endocrinologist or a ____

A

urologist

112
Q

disorders of the female reproductive system are treated by an endocrinologist or an _____/______

A

obstetrician/gynecologist (OBGYN)

113
Q

bone is formed by ___

A

osteoblasts

114
Q

bones are held together by ____

A

ligaments

115
Q

muscles attach to bones via ____

A

tendons

116
Q

hematopoiesis occurs in ___

A

bone

117
Q

food is forced through the digestive system in a series of wavelike motions as smooth muscles contract

A

peristalsis

118
Q

_____ is the master gland of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

119
Q

pregnancy tests detect _____

A

HCG

120
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

Phlebotomy Class 2022 (11 decks)

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