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Phlebotomy Class 2022 > Ch 9 - Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Ch 9 - Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

_____ circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs for gas exchange

A

pulmonary

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2
Q

______ circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body’s tissues

A

systemic

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3
Q

muscular double pump located in the thoracic cavity

A

heart

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4
Q

the thin, membranous sac surrounding the heart

A

pericardium

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5
Q

the three layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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6
Q

outer layer of the heart

A

epicardium

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7
Q

thick middle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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8
Q

innermost layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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9
Q

four chambers of the heart

A

left and right atria

left and right ventricles

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10
Q

the _____ valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid

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11
Q

the _____ valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle

A

mitral (bicuspid)

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12
Q

the ____ _____ valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta

A

aortic semilunar

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13
Q

contraction of the ____ ____ forces blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to go to the lungs

A

right ventricle

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14
Q

path deoxygenated blood takes from the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygenated:

right ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> _______ _____ –> lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

path the recently oxygenated blood takes from the lungs to the aorta:

lungs –> pulmonary veins –> pulmonary trunk –> ___ ___ –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aorta

A

left atrium

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16
Q

each heartbeat (or cardiac cycle) includes a _____ & _____ of each chamber

A

contraction, relaxation

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17
Q

contraction of the heart

A

systole

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18
Q

relaxation of the heart

A

diastole

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19
Q

____ develops pressure and forces blood through the circulatory system

A

systole

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20
Q

_____ allows the chambers of the heart to fill again

A

diastole

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21
Q

_____ _____ is measured by a sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure

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22
Q

___ ___ is the measure of force of blood on the arterial walls and is given as a ratio

A

blood pressure

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23
Q

three layers surrounding the lumen of arteries and veins:

A

tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima

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24
Q

the outer layer of blood vessels

A

tunica adventitia

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25
Q

the middle layer of blood vessels

A

tunica media

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26
Q

the inner layer of blood vessels

A

tunica intima

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27
Q

capillaries only have the tunica ____ layer

A

intima

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28
Q

____ carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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29
Q

___ have thick muscular wall that can expand when blood is pumped into them and then contract to maintain flow and pressure during diastole

A

arteries

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30
Q

arteries are ___ than veins and can be found by feeling for a pulse

A

deeper

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31
Q

arteries branch into ____ and then branch into capillaries

A

arterioles

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32
Q

single layer of cells that allows for rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients between tissues and blood across the membrane

A

capillary

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33
Q

in its chemical composition, capillary blood is more similar to _____ blood

A

arterial

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34
Q

carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

A

veins

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35
Q

veins have ___ in them at various points along their length that are pushed closed when blood flows back against them

A

valves

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36
Q

3 superficial veins on the anterior surface of the antecubital fossa

A

cephalic
median
basilic

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37
Q

interior pit of the elbow is called the ______ ___

A

antecubital fossa

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38
Q

aortic arch
posterial tibial
radial
ulnar

some major ___ in the body

A

arteries

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39
Q

carotid
axillary
cephalic
femoral

some major ___ of the body

A

veins

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40
Q

a bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in a wall

A

aneurysm

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41
Q

composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, and vitamins

A

plasma

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42
Q

the 3 most significant elements of plasma:

A

albumin
immunoglobulins
fibrinogen

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43
Q

imminoglobulins are also known as

A

antibodies

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44
Q

plasma without its clotting factors

A

serum

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45
Q

___ is formed when blood is collected in a glass or plastic tube and is induced to clot

A

serum

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46
Q

the conversion of fibrogen to ____ forms strands that trap all of the cellular elements, which forms a clot

A

fibrin

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47
Q

blood is composed of plasma and ___ ____

A

formed elements

48
Q

formed elements comprise ___% of blood volume

A

45

49
Q

99% of formed elements are ____ ___ cells

A

red blood

50
Q

red blood cells carry ____ to carry oxygen

A

hemoglobin

51
Q

iron-containing oxygen transport protein that gives blood the red color

A

hemoglobin

52
Q

there are ____ RBCs in a microliter of blood

A

5 million

53
Q

a single red blood cell remains in the peripheral circulation for about ___ days before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen

A

120

54
Q

the organ that primarily does the job of removing old red blood cells from the bloodstream

A

liver

55
Q

cells that protect the body against infection

A

white blood cells

56
Q

at any time, most white blood cells are not in the blood, but are usually in the peripheral tissues and the ____ system

A

lymphatic

57
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A 
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
basophils
lymphocytes
58
Q

what is created in bone marrow by megakaryocytes?

A

platelets

59
Q

every 1 mL of blood contains approximately ____ platelets

A

200,000

60
Q

each platelet remains in circulation for approximately __-__ days

A

9-12

61
Q

processes by which blood vessels are repaired after injury

A

hemostasis

62
Q

4 phases of hemostasis (in order)

A

vascular phase
platelet phase
coagulation phase
fibrinolysis

63
Q

first phase of hemostasis

A

vascular phase

64
Q

rupture of a vein or artery causes an immediate ___ ___ at the beginning of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm

65
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessel

A

vascular spasm

66
Q

in the ___ ___ of hemostasis, vessel diameter is decreased, which substantially reduces the blood loss that would otherwise occur

A

vascular phase

67
Q

which phase of hemostasis has aggregating platelets becoming activated, which releases factors that promote fibrin accumulation in the next phase?

A

platelet phase

68
Q

the combination of the vascular phase and the platelet phase of hemostasis

A

primary hemostasis

69
Q

cascade of enzymes and factors that will ultimately result in a blood clot

A

coagulation

70
Q

Which phase of hemostasis is this?

  • initiated by release of tissue factor (extrinsic pathway)
  • other plasma coagulation factors contact the materials exposed when the blood vessel is damaged (intrinsic pathway)
A

coagulation phase

71
Q

the last phase of hemostasis

A

fibrinolysis

72
Q

FDPs

A

fibrin degradation products

73
Q

fibrin degradation products are monitored to diagnose DIC (what does the acronym stand for?)

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

74
Q

a condition in which blood clots abnormally in the circulatory system

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

75
Q

fibrinolysis is controlled by

A

plasmin

76
Q

enzyme made from plasminogen by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

A

plasmin

77
Q

t-PA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

78
Q

hemophilias
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
thrombocytopenia
thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

These are blood disorders of hemostasis, platelets, and clotting.

Just read this and respond with “okay”

A

okay

79
Q

anemia
polycythemia
sickle cell disease
thalassemia

These are blood disorders of red blood cells and hemoglobin

Just read this and respond with “okay”

A

okay

80
Q

bacterial infection
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
leukemia
mononucleosis

These are blood disorders of which type of cell?

A

white blood cells

81
Q

rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
multiple sclerosis (MS)
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)

These are disorders of which system?

A

immune

82
Q
  • activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or prothombin time (PT) and clotting factor activity
  • fibrin degradation product (FDP)
  • D-dimer
  • fibrinogen
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  • Protein C and Protein S

These are lab tests for hemostasis, platelets, and clotting.

Just read this and respond with “okay”

A

okay

83
Q

reticulocyte count
iron studies
CBC
vitamin B12 and folate levels

These are lab tests for RBC and hemoglobin

Just read this and respond with “okay”

A

okay

84
Q 
CBC with differential
T-cell count, CD3, CD4, CD8
bacterial cultures
cell marker studies
anti-HIV antibody
monospot or heterophile antibody
western blood test

These are lab tests of white blood cells

Just read this and respond with “okay”

A

okay

85
Q 
rheumatoid factor
anticitrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)
antiphospholipid antibodies (APLs)
antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
spinal tap and MRI
immunoglobulin quantitation

These are lab tests for disorders of the immune system

Just read this and respond with “okay”

A

okay

86
Q

system that includes lymphatic vessels (veins, capillaries, and ducts), lymph nodes, and several organs plus the lymph fluid flowing through the vessels

A

lymphatic system

87
Q

lymphatic vessels are closed at their ___ ends (unlike arteries and veins)

A

distal

88
Q

distal ends of lymphatic vessels

A

terminal lymphatics

89
Q

purpose of this system is to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and screens tissue fluid for signs of infection

A

lymphatic system

90
Q

lymphatic vessels ultimately feed into the ____ __

A

thoracic duct

91
Q

lymphatic fluid is derived from fluid between cells called _____ __

A

interstitial fluid

92
Q

chambers located along lymphatic vessels

A

lymph nodes

93
Q

___ ___ are populated by lymphocytes and are especially common in digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

A

lymph nodes

94
Q

an accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues as a result of a blocked lymphatic vessel

A

lymphedema

95
Q

________ is a severe form of lymphedema

A

elephantiasis

96
Q

tumor of a lymph gland

A

lymphoma

97
Q

Hodgkin’s disease is a type of ____

A

lymphoma

98
Q

defense against infectious agents independent of the specific chemical markers on their surfaces

A

nonspecific immunity

99
Q

includes physical barriers, the complement system, and phagocytes

A

nonspecific immunity

100
Q

engulf and destroy foreign cells without regard to their identity

A

phagocytes

101
Q

recognition of antigens on the surface of a foreign agent

A

specific immunity

102
Q

recognition of antigens in specific immunity triggers activation of these cells

A

T cells, B cells

103
Q

cellular immunity is ____-based immunity

A

T cell

104
Q

antibody-based immunity is ____-based immunity

A

B cell

105
Q

an attack by the immune system on the body

A

autoimmunity

106
Q

inappropriately severe immune reaction to an otherwise harmless substance

A

allergy

107
Q

an inherited disorder marked by an almost total lack of T and B cells

A

severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)

108
Q

SCID

A

severe combined immune deficiency

109
Q

muscle that contracts to push blood through circulatory system

A

myocardium

110
Q

the sounds you hear from the heart are from:

A

closing of the heart valves

111
Q

CK-MB, myoglobin, and troponin are all tests used to diagnose __ ____

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

112
Q

blood cells are formed in the ___ ____

A

bone marrow

113
Q

cells that attack and digest bacteria and are found in the presence of bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

114
Q

increase in the total number of RBCs

A

polycythemia

115
Q

increase in the number of lymphocytes in response to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus

A

mononucleosis

116
Q

____ __ cells are infected and destroyed in HIV

A

helper T

117
Q

antigens identified to determine organ transplant compatibility

A

HLA

Phlebotomy Class 2022 (11 decks)

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