VOCAB UNIT 8 Flashcards
Cold War 8.1
Definition- The Cold War was based on the ideological divide between the US and the Soviet Union. It began at the Potsdam conference and was caused due to the spread of communism. It was not actually a full-out war but was mainly full of propaganda, secret operation, and proxy wars. It also led to the space race, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Nato Warsaw Pact.
LO(1)- Both sides advanced weapons at a fast rate creating nuclear bombs and after the hydro bomb was developed they mostly stayed away from each other caused they were afraid the bombs would actually be used. (Mutual Assured Destruction)
Non-Aligned Movement 8.2
Definition- The Non-Aligned Movement began after the creations of the Warsaw Pact and NATO. Countries began to realize that they did not want to be part of either group, so they would get resources and money from the countries to bargain for their alliance to the pact. Countries such as Yugoslavia, India, and Ghana would get aid from the superpowers.
LO(2)- After the Warsaw, Nato pact was created countries were joining sides. But a lot of countries were trying to leave violence behind after the damage created in WWI and WWII. This left countries to join neither side of the pact, but instead to joined this movement, and were able to take advantage of the countries for resources.
Kwame Nkrumah 8.2, 8.5
Definition- Kwame Nkrumah was a leader who lead Ghana to independence from Great Britain. This occurred after he helped make negotiations with the UN and the British. He advocated for rich tradition and remembering history. He also advocated strongly for Pan-Africanism but eventually, he turned Ghana into a one-party state with him as the leader.
LO(2,6)- Kwame Nkrumah was greatly supported because of his desire to gain independence for Ghana. He was different from states such as Algeria in their attempt to gain independence because he was completely nonviolent and only used treaties.
Proxy Wars (Angolan and Korean Civil War) 8.3
Definition- The Korean war was considered a proxy war because while in the midst, the US would back up South Korea, and the USSR backed up North Korea. This was a way that the US and USSR could fight without directly physically attacking each other. They would send resources to the countries that they were in alliance with to help them win the battle to benefit them. In Angola, there was rival ethnic conflict due to borders set by European colonial powers. There were three major groups in Angola and they were supported in groups as well. USSR and Cuba with Mbundu tribe, South Africa with Ovimbundu tribe, and the US with the Bankongo tribe after years of fighting it ended with a cease-fire.
LO(3)-
Communist Revolution in China 8.4
Definition- Started during for control of the country between Communists and Nationalists. Communism began to take over in China after the imperial system had collapsed. The communist party was then founded under Zedong’s rule. Then came the Great Leap Forward but it was abandoned. Then came the Cultural Revolution as Mao´s attempt to commit China to communism, sent many to reeducation camps. The CCP then followed a new plan to recruit peasants, have women more rights to divorce and own land, and gained a reputation by resisting Japanese rule.
LO(4)- The revolution was caused by a gain of support from the communist party. China became a communist party led to mass starvation in the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and hostility with the Soviets.
Great Leap Forward 8.4
Definition- The Great Leap Forward in China was when they went through many land reforms. Peasant lands were organized into communes where the state would hold the land instead of private farms. People who would protest this policy would be sent to reeducation camps or even killed. Even though harvests began to fail, China continued to export food (grain) to Africa and Cuba. (because Mao wanted to show the outside world his success). In the end, over 20 million Chinese died from starvation and the policy was abandoned.
LO(4)- Was caused by a desire for the government to gain control and advocate for it. Lead to many deaths after the Great Leap Forward was created to demonstrate communist success by Mao Zedong.
Communist Revolution for Vietnamese Independence 8.4
Definition- The communist revolution was mainly sought after by peasants who had little control. It began after Vietnam had gained independence from Japanese and French control, and the war had ended. Few people controlled most of the land in Vietnam and seeing as it was a mainly agricultural society, people backed up the communist group when they said they would seize land from the owners and redistribute it. After the communist takeover, they carried out these policies violently, but South Vietnam was slow to follow up.
LO(5)- This Communist Revolution was caused by the holding of land through a small number of people and the communist party suggesting redistribution. It led to the violent takeover of land by the Communist party and less support for South Vietnam after they were slow to divvy the land amongst the peasants.
Decolonization 8.5
Definition- Decolonization was one form of the aftermath of WWII. This was because many European states with colonies were slow in post-war recovery, so their colonies would bargain for their independence knowing they had little resources left. As this continued, European powers struggled to hold onto their colonies. Some states that started to fight for their independence included, India, Pakistan, Ghana, Algeria, Angola, French West Africa, Vietnam, Egypt, and Nigeria. Some of these states would gain their independence in peaceful ways through treaties, and others would resort to violence.
LO(6)- For instance, Ghana would gain its independence through agreements with the UN, but Algeria would create conflict with the French government and eventually lead to the Algerian War for Independence.
Indian National Congress 8.5
Definition- The creation of the Indian National Congress started the drive for India’s independence. The leader of the group was Mohandas Gandhi who banded together the Hindu and Muslim groups to get rid of the British. The tactics of the group were made of civil disobedience. As Britain grew weaker and India´s fighting abilities grew, India continued to fight for independence through protests, and eventually, Britain negotiated independence in South Asia.
LO(6)- Similar to Ghana, India would remain in a peaceful fight for its independence, mainly because of the creation of the Indian National Congress. This meant that India was focused on its fight through civil disobedience.
Muslim League 8.5
Definition- The Muslim League was founded in 1906 to advocate a separate nation for Indian Muslims. This was needed after Hindu and Muslim groups banded together to rid India of British rule. But some people were not fans of the nonviolent movement or the call of unity between Muslims and Hindus, so the Muslim League was created to separate them.
LO(6)- There were many different opinions on how India should get their independence. Most Muslims and Hindus would agree with Gandhi and cooperate to rid India of the British, but some people would want the opposite which is why the Muslim League was created.
Partition of India 8.6
Definition- The British divided colonial India into two independent countries, one was a mostly Hindu India, and one was a mostly Muslim Pakistan. The partition of the country was violent and at least ten million people moved. In political turmoil, about five hundred thousand people died. The Kashmir conflict came about because both countries confronted powerful conservative religious movements that went against compromise with the other country.
LO(7)- Both countries would be completely opposed to compromise with the other, and the most persistent conflict was over Kashmir. So the separation of the India into the Pakistan and India would lead to territorial conflict. It became more and more significant especially after they began to develop nuclear weapons
Creation of Israel 8.6
Definition-Zionists hoped that a new state could be established where Jews could be free of persecution. After WWI Britain was given control over the Ottoman lands. The Zionists began to immigrate to Palestine and due to that, the Arabs protested the loss of their land and traditional practices. Wars in Israel became prevalent and after several cease-fires, the Israeli army won and a truce was declared. Following the truce, four hundred thousand Palestinians became refugees, and three other Israeli-Palestinian Wars followed.
LO(7)- The Creation of Israel led to lots of wars. Eventually, there was Israeli-Egyptian Peace after 30 years of conflict between Israel and the Arabs, and a peace agreement was made but many Arabs would reject it. Then came the PLO because Arafat wanted to return the lands and the creation of an independent nation to Palestine. There is still ongoing violence over the split of the Palestinians into two factions.
Metropole 8.6
Definition- A metropole is a large city that was formerly under colonial rule. These became more popular as people from newly independent countries would move to the former colonial powers. For example, lots of refugees from Pakistan and India would move to London. Another instance is when Vietnamese and Algerians would migrate to cities in France. These immigrants would usually find jobs in the new city such as medicinal and railroads. This was a way to continue to have strong cultural and economic ties between colonial and newly independent countries.
LO(8)- Through decolonization, even though there was a conflict between the colonial powers and the newly independent countries, Metropole was going against this idea. This was because it would go keep the connection between the two states because of the migrations that were occurring.
Mohandas Gandhi 8.7
Definition- Mohandas Gandhi was the main leader in the Indian independence movement who worked with the Indian National Congress. When trying to gain independence from the British he worked the idea of civil disobedience into his campaign. He would encourage Indians to break the unjust laws that Britain´s imperial system had put on India, and led a boycott against British goods.
LO(9)- The Indians were set on gaining independence and focused on civil disobedience. After WWII they knew that India would soon become stronger than Britain and be able to bargain for independence. Even the Hindus and Muslims would come together to fight to get rid of British rule in India.
Martin Luther King Jr. 8.7
Definition- Martin Luther was a very important leader in the civil rights movement and worked alongside other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. He encouraged nonviolent ways of protesting and civil disobedience. For example, Court decisions banning racial segregation in school, a year-long boycott of public transportation, and massive marches for Jobs and Freedom. He was successful in his work and led to the Civil Rights Act which would outlaw discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
LO(9)- In the United States, there were many protests against segregation of race and ethnicity. Most of the fights against this were peaceful but ended up being successful overall.
