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Year 5 path SW COPY > Chempath 24: Nutrition > Flashcards

Chempath 24: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 fat soluble vitamins ?

A

A - retinol
D - cholecalciferol
E - tocopherol
K - phytomenadione

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2
Q

What does vitamin A defficiency cause ?

A

Colourblindness, poor night vision

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3
Q

What does Vitamin D deficiency cause ?

A

Osteomalacia / Rickets

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4
Q

What does vitamin E deficiency cause ?

A

Neuropathy

Anaemia

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5
Q

What does Vitamin K deficiency cause ?

A

Haemorrhage/ defective clotting

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6
Q

Which tests of coagulation can be used to test for Vitamin K deficiency ?

A

PT (initially elevated due to FVIIa deficiency

PTT (elevated in more severe deficiency when the intrinsic pathway is also affected)

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7
Q

What does vitamin b12 (cobalamin) deficiency cause ?

A

Pernicious anaemia

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8
Q

What does vitamin C (ascorbate) deficiency cause ?

A

Scurvy

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9
Q

What does folate deficiency cause ?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Neural tube defects (if in pregnancy)

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10
Q

What does Niacin (Vit B3) deficiency cause ?

A

Pellagra

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11
Q

What does vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency cause ?

A

Beri-beri
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Neuropathy

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12
Q

What is the triad of Pellagra ?

A

Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia

(Later death)

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13
Q

What is the difference between wet and dry beriberi ?

A

Wet

  • Mainly affects cardiovascular system
  • signs of heart failure (high output)
  • SOB

Dry

  • Mainly affects peripheral nervous system
  • parasthesia
  • paralysis
  • confusion
  • nystagmus
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy
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14
Q

Which medication is given to alcoholics to prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?

A

Pabrinex (Vitamin B)

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15
Q

What does Iodine deficiency cause ?

A

Hypothyroidism

Goitre

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16
Q

Which disease is associated with excess copper ?

A

Wilson’s disease

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17
Q

What does Flouride deficiency cause ?

A

Dental caries

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18
Q

What does Iron deficiency cause ?

A

A microcytic hypochromic anaemia

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19
Q

What does leptin do ?

A

Increases satiety

produced by white adipose tissue

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20
Q

What does ghrelin do ?

A

Increases hunger

21
Q

What does PYY do ?

A

Increases satiety

produced in the intestines

22
Q

Which hormone is released by white adipose and reduced in people with obesity ?

A

Adiponectin

reduced adiponectin - insulin resistance

23
Q

Give an example of an amino acid that cannot be synthesised by a foetus so is received via the placenta ?

A

Cysteine

24
Q

List 3 endocrine conditions that could cause obesity ?

A

Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
Acromegaly

(Leptin receptor deficiency,)

25
Q

List 2 medical treatments of obesity ?

A

Orlistat- Inhibits pancreatic lipase so that fat is not absorbed well
GLP-1 - a diabetic drug that also increases satiety

26
Q

List 3 bariatric surgery procedures ?

A

Gastric banding
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Roux-en-Y bypass - bypass the first part of the duodenum and most of the stomach

27
Q

What causes kwashiorkor ?

A

Protein deficiency

Bilateral pitting oedema, subcutaneous fat, hepatomegaly

28
Q

What causes Marasmus ?

A

Low dietary carbohydrate, lipid and protein intake

Starved looking child, shrivelled, growth retardation, muscle wasting, no subcutaneous fat

29
Q

What test can be used to confirm thiamine deficiency in Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?

A

RBC transketolase

30
Q

Which disease presents with a characteristic pigmented rash known as “Casal’s necklace”

A

Pellagra (vit B3 deficiency)

31
Q

Patient presents with dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea and a pigmented rash around their neck in the shape of a necklace.

Most likely diagnosis ?

A

Pellagra

32
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B6, B12, C, folate, B3

33
Q

what does a B2 (riboflavin) deficiency cause

A

glossitis

34
Q

what does a B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency cause

A

dermatitis/anaemia

35
Q

what do excess vitamins A and D cause

A

A - exfoliation hepatitis

D - hypercalcaemia

36
Q

what does excess vitamin B6 cause

A

neuropathy

37
Q

what does excess vitamin C cause

A

renal stones

38
Q

where are soluble vitamins stored

A

adipose tissue

39
Q

what are the trace elements

A 
iron 
iodine
zinc
copper
fluoride
40
Q

what does a zinc deficiency cause

A

dermatitis

41
Q

what does a copper deficiency cause

A

anaemia

42
Q

how can copper levels be measured

A

Cu

caeroplasmin

43
Q

what is the role of insulin release on satiety

A

released after eating

causes the feeling of satiety

44
Q

features of metabolic syndrome

A

increases the risk of obesity-related conditions

1 - fasting glucose >6.0mmol/l
2 - HDL men <1, women <1.3
3 - hypertension BP>135/80
4 - microalbumin, insulin resistance 
5 - waist circumference m>102, w>88
45
Q

deficiencies in Crohns

A

B12 and fat soluble vitamin deficiency
folate if on methotrexate
calcium, phosphate, mg, zinc if high output/chronic diarrhoea

46
Q

deficiencies in coeliac disease

A

iron
ADEK
thiamine
vitamin B6

47
Q

deficiencies in chronic liver disease

A 
ADEK 
b12
selenium 
magnesium 
zinc 
folate
48
Q

deficiencies in chronic kidney disease

A

protein energy wasting syndrome

49
Q

deficiencies in pancreatic insufficiency

A

ADEK

Year 5 path SW COPY (106 decks)

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