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Physiology > Unit 14: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit 14: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive System

A

Combined functions of both male and female reproduction systems pass on the genes of the individuals+maintain the species

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2
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

X and Y sex Chromosomes

Eggs carry X
Sperm carry Y or X

Female: XX
Male: XY

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3
Q

Development Timing

A

During the first 6 weeks of development male and female embryos contain common gonads

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4
Q

Two sets of premature reproductive tracts

A

Mullerian Duct: paramesonphric

Wolffian Duct: mesonephric

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5
Q

Male Embryo

A

After 6-7 weeks the presence of the Y chromosome causes the indifferent gonads to develop into testes

At 7 weeks testicular cells produce MIH

At 9 Weeks testicular cells begin to produce testosterone

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6
Q

Surge of Testosterone in Male embryos

A

Stimulates the wolffian duct to develop into the:

epidydimus
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
urethra

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7
Q

Female Embryo

A

After 9 weeks of development the XX chromosome are activated + overies develop

No hormonal control

no MIH

Mullerian duct develops into the

uterus
cervix
fallopian tubes
parts of the vagina

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8
Q

Lack of testosterones in female embryos

A

Wolffian duct degrades

Female genetalia develops

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9
Q

Three Principle Functions of the Male reproductive

A

To produce the sex steroid testosterone

Produce sperm (spermatogenesis)

Trigger effects on the whole body

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10
Q

Three Principle Functions of the Female Reproductive Systems

A

Produces sex steroids: estrogen + progesterone

Produces eggs + receives the sperm

Provides optimal conditions for the development of the fetus

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11
Q

Male External Genetalia

A

Penis: Corpus spongiosum + Corpus caveriosum + erectile tisse

Scrotum: Testes
Sperm + testosterone

sperm is stored in the epididymis

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12
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sperm from the epididymis travels through the vas deferens to the seminal vesicles to pick up fluid, then they travel to the prostate to pick up fluid from the bulbourethal gland and passes through the urethra and out of the penis

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13
Q

Testes

A

1000s of coiled tubes

Seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

After formation in the ______ _____ the sperm move into the _______.

A

seminifeorus tubules

epididymis

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15
Q

______ drains into the _____ ______.

A

epididymis drains into the vas deferens

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16
Q

_______ _____ contain ______ cells and developing sperm.

A

seminiferous tubules contain sertoli cells and developing sperm

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17
Q

______ cells are located outside the S.tubules

A

Leydig

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18
Q

Seminiferous tubules are the site of

A

Spermatogenesis

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19
Q

Sertoli Cells regulate (4 functions)

A

Blood Testes Barrier

Secretes a fluid the pushes premature sperm into the epipidymis

Secretes the hormone Inhibin

Spermatogenesis/Maintaining Developing Sperm Cells

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20
Q

Leydig Cells (1 Function)

A

Located in the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules

Secretes Testosterone

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21
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores immature sperm and supports its maturation

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22
Q

Ductus/Vas deferens

A

Tubes that transport the sperm to the ejaculatory duct

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23
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Drains into the urethra

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24
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Contribute a large amound of fluid to the semen during ejaculation.

Fluid is rich in fructose + enzymes that helps to maintain and nourish the sperm

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25
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Secretes enzymes + fluid that help to neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra and vagina

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26
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A

Secretes a fluid that helps neutralize the pH and lubricate the urethra and vagina to make an optimal environement for the sperm

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27
Q

Urethra

A

Transports the sperm during ejaculation + drains the bladder during urination

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28
Q

Spermatogenesis begins during…

A

Begins during puberty

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29
Q

Spermatogonia (Location + components)

A

Germ cells

Contains the chromosomes

Located at the outer edges of the seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

Spermatogonia Division

A

Divide by mitosis into two cells

Asymmetrical division: one continues as the spermatogonia while the other divides into a primary spermatocyte

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31
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

Contains 46 chromosomes
Divides by meiosis into two secondary spermatocytes into two secondary spermatocytes and then into four spermatids (2nd mitotic division)

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32
Q

During the process of division the cells are surrounded + nourished by _____ _______ as they begin to work their way to the center of the ______ ______.

A

sertoli cells

seminiferous tubules

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33
Q

Spermatids develop into ____ _____ where they are released by the ______ ______ into the ____ of the _____ ______

A

Mature sperm

sertoli cells

lumen

seminiferous tubules

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34
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis take

A

64 days

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35
Q

Results in _ _____ _____ with __ chromosomes

A

4 sperm cells

23

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36
Q

Sperm Cell Structure

A

Contains a head with an acrosome and a nucleus

Midpeice with a mitochondria

Long tail/flagellum

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37
Q

Function of the testes is controlled by

A

FSH and LH

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38
Q

FSH acts on

A

Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis while also producing the hormone inhibin

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39
Q

Hormone Feedback Loop

A

Testosterone feeds back to the anterior pituitary which decreases the release of LH and FSH

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40
Q

Testosterone is essential for

A

Spermatogenesis

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41
Q

Testosterone (production+storage)

A

Steroid Hormone produced in the leydig cells in the testes.

Synthesized from cholesterol intermediate

Progesterone intermediate

42
Q

Rise and Fall of testosterone levels during ______ ______.

A

Fetal development

Rise is necessary for the development of the male reproductive tract + external genitalia in the fetus

43
Q

After _____ there is an increase in testosterone

A

Birth

No one knows why

44
Q

Levels of testosterone remain low after ______.

A

Puberty

45
Q

Puberty (Male)

A

Childhood to Adulthood

Between about 9 and 14 yoa levels of GnRH begin to increase

Final maturation fo the male reproductive system is the point where mature sperm can be produced

Sexual maturation + peak testosterone levels occur at 16-18 yoa

From 50 yoa onwards testosterone levels decrease

Andropause: Leydig cells which produce testosterone no longer respond fully to LH

46
Q

Testosterone Functions

A
  • Development of male reporductive tract + external genetalia in the embryo
  • growth and development of all male reproductive organs at puberty
  • development of the male secondary secxcharacteristics at puberty (muscle growth; hair growth on face and genitalia + deep voice)
  • sex drive at puberty
  • spermatogenesis
  • bone and skeletal muscle growth
  • increased aggressiveness
47
Q

Female Reproductive System Structure

A

Vulva

Female internal Genetalia

48
Q

Vulva

A

Clitoris: erectile tissue

Labium majus: surrouds the labia minus

Folds of skin are derived from the same embryonic tissues as the: scrotum and shaft of the penis

Labia minora: encloses the vaginal shaft (opening of the vagina)

49
Q

Female internal genetalia

A

Vagina
Cervix
Uterus

50
Q

Vagina

A

Is the canal that receives the penis during intercourse + sperm is received

Allows for discharge of fluid during menstruation + after the birth of the baby

51
Q

Sperms travels from the _____ into the _____.

A

Cervix

Uterus

52
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular walled hollow organ

53
Q

Sperm continues to the ____ ____.

A

Falliopian tubes: roughly 20cm long and end in the fimbria

54
Q

Eggs produced in the ______ is released + travels through the ______ to the _____ _____ to reach the sperm.

A

Overies
Fimbrae
Fallopian Tubes

55
Q

Cervix

A

Secretes mucus that varies during the menstrual cycle from thin (to facilitate sperm entry) to thick (to prevent sperm entry)

56
Q

Uterus (3)

A

The site of implantation of the fertilized egg

Where the developing embryo is nourished and maintained

During the menstrual cycle the uterine lining undergoes several phases under hormonal control

57
Q

Fallopian tubes (2)

A

Site of fertilization of the egg

They contain cilia that pass the egg from the fimbria to the uterus

Fimbriae capture the egg after it is expelled from the ovarues ad funnel it into the infundibulum

58
Q

Ovaries (2)

A

Produces eggs

Produces estrogen + progesterone

59
Q

Oogenesis: ______ stages of development.

A

Several

60
Q

Egg is contained in a

A

Follicle

61
Q

First stage begins w/ the production of

A

Several million oogonia in the developing female embryo

62
Q

Oogonia

A

Develop into a primary follicle that consists of a single outer layer of granulosa cells that contain the primary oocyte

63
Q

Granulosa Cells

A

Secretes a fluid into the interior of the follicle which forms into the antrum

64
Q

Primary oocyte and follicle remains in this form until

A

Puberty

65
Q

At ______ ovaries are activated by _ _ _ _, _ _ _ and _ _.

A

Puberty

GnRH

FSH

LH

66
Q

Only several ____ _____ primary oocytes have survived.

A

Hundred thousand

67
Q

The female begins her menstrual cycle during which

A

a few primary follicles begin to grow

68
Q

Primary follicle develops another _____ of _____ called _____ ____, which form ______ the granulosa cell.

A

layer
cells
theca cells
outside

69
Q

The primary follicle will slowly ______ as it develops into the mature follicle.

A

Enlarge

70
Q

Oocyte will

A

Seperate from the granulosa cells and will float around freely in the antrum immediately before ovulation

71
Q

Oogenesis produces

A

Only 1 viable oocyte

72
Q

The production of ____ from the _____ begins to increase dramatically as the follicle grows.

A

Estrogen

Ovaries

73
Q

This triggers _____ _____ to grow and produce more _______.

A

Granulosa cells

estrogen

74
Q

Estrogen is involved in a (+)ve feedback mechanism

A

Does not feedback to the hypothalamus or pituitary to inhibit the secretion of LH or FSH

Levels of LH and FSH increase

75
Q

LH surge causes granulosa cells to secrete ______ ______ of _______ into the ______ causing it to _____ and rupture releasing the egg.

A

large amounts

fluid

antrum

swell

76
Q

Egg is gathered by the ____ into the _____ _____.

A

fimbriae

fallopian tubes

77
Q

Mature follicle then degenerates into the hormone releasing ____ _____.

A

corpus luteum

78
Q

_____ ____ desintegrates into the _____ _____ if pregnancy does not occur

A

Corpus luteum

Corpus albicans

79
Q

LH + FSH (Females)

A

Involved in the development of the follicle

estrogen production

80
Q

Estrogen refers to a group of hormones

A

17B-estradiol

esterone

estrial

81
Q

______ is secreted in humans and is more potent.

A

estradiol

82
Q

Estrogen synthesis

A

Cholesterol is tranformed into a series of intermediates

Continuation of testosterone formation

Formed from androstenedione

83
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced in small quantities by both granulosa cells and theca cells before ovulation

stimulated by LH

84
Q

After ovulation of the oocyte the follicle degenerated into the corpus luteum

A

Continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone

85
Q

this prepares the ____ of the _____ for the _____ of the ______ egg.

A

lining
uterus
implantation
fertilized

86
Q

Should the egg cell fail to be fertilized the corpus luteum will develop into the

A

corpus albicans

87
Q

Estrogen Levels

A

Low until puberty 8-13

Dramatic rise in estrogen levels due to increased secretion of gnRH from the hypothalamus

88
Q

Pulsatile nature of estrogen levels due to

A

(+)ve feedback

89
Q

Ovulation/menstruation cycle becomes irregular + cycle stops around

A

40-50 yoa

50 (menopause)

90
Q

Menopause is caused by the

A

Decrease in teh number of primary follicles in the ovaries

fewer follicles = less estrogen

91
Q

Little (_)ve feedback allowing for

A

-

LH+FSH levels to rise dramatically

ovaries are less responsive to the surge causing estrogen levels to drop

92
Q

Proliferation Phase (3)

A

7-14 days

follicle increases the production of estrogen causing LH to surge

follicle ruptures + egg is expelled

estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth of the uterine lining

93
Q

Secretory Phase

A

14-28 days

follicle develops into a corpus luteum and increases the production of progesterone that propares the uterus for implantation

if fertilization and implantation does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates into scar tissue

progesterone levels drop

94
Q

Menses

A

1-7 days
FSH, estrogen and progesterone levels are low

lining of the uterus cannot be maintained and uterus lining is lost

95
Q

FSH Stimulates (Males)

A

Sertoli cells

promotes spermatogenesis

96
Q

LH Stimulates (Males)

A

Leydig cells promoting secretion of testosterone

97
Q

FSH Stimulates (Females)

A

Maturation of the primary follicles

98
Q

Estrogen is secreted + synthesized by

A

Granolulosa + theca cells making up follicles found in the ovaries

99
Q

LH Stimulates (Females)

A

LH surge causes ovulation

100
Q

Progesterone Role

A

Maintining the lining of the uterus

Physiology (12 decks)

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