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Physiology > Unit 15: Digestive System II > Flashcards

Unit 15: Digestive System II Flashcards

1
Q

The colon absorbs

A

Water+electrolytes

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2
Q

Stores and Concentrates

A

Feces

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3
Q

Sodium Absorption in the Colon

A

Absorbed via active transport mechanisms

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4
Q

Water Absorption in the Colon

A

Water follows via osmosis and takes place in the first half of the colon

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5
Q

Large Intestine Secretes

A

Mucous to protect its lining form chemical damage + mechanical damage + lubricate forming feces

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6
Q

Ions secreted into the colon

A

K+

Bicarbonate

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7
Q

Small amount of digestion in the colon

A

Occurs when undigested polysaccharides are metabolized by bacteria into free fatty acids that are absorbed via passive diffusion

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8
Q

The bacteria in the colon produced

A

Gas and vitamin K+ for blood coagulation

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9
Q

Careful regulation of _______ and _______ _____ through ______ and ______ mechanisms

A

motility and hormone secretion through neural and hormonal mechanism

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10
Q

Hormonal Mechanisms of Regulation

A

Release of chemicals from intestinal cells in response to direct mechanical stimulation from food in the stomach + intestine

hormones can be released in response to neural activation

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11
Q

Neural Control Mechanisms

A

Involves the enteric neurons system are divisions of the ANS

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12
Q

ANS

A

SYN

PSYN

Both can influence the digestive tract

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13
Q

_ _ _ performs this by altering the ______ of _______ in the _________ nervous system.

A

ANS performs this by altering the activity of nerves in the enteric nervous system

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14
Q

These nerve cells will then affect smooth muscle in the

A

Walls of the digestive tract

enzyme-secreting cells

endocrine cells

blood vessels of the tract

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15
Q

Long reflex loop

A

Travel from the CNS

Input from the higher brain centers

Stimulus: Sight + Smell of food which is detected by their respective sensors

Signals form the brain are sent through the PSYN to the enteric nervous system to alter the digestive function: enzyme release + gastric motility

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16
Q

Short reflex loop

A

Travels locally within the digestive system

begins by mechanical digestion (stretching) of the digestive tract + chemical changes (pH; osmolarity) w/ in the tract

these changes are detected by sensors of the enteric nervous system that initiate a reflex

reflex activates effector organs

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17
Q

Effector organs

A

Secretory cells

smooth muscle in the walls of the tract

causes the release of enzymes; alters gastric motility

18
Q

PSYN

A

Increase gastric motility

causes secretion secretion

Production of water saliva

19
Q

SYN

A

Decreased motility + secretion

Thick viscous saliva + dry mouth

20
Q

Gastrointestinal motility

A

muscular contraction of the stomach + intestine that mix up food + propel it through the digestive tract

21
Q

Digestion of fatty foods

A

Long+complex process

if prematurely released from the stomach into the intestine the fats + lipids may not be completely digested

chyme must be released by the stomach in leveled amounts in order to maximize the digestive + absorption process

22
Q

Surrounding the digestive tract

A

Are specialized smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells

23
Q

Interstitial Cells

A

spontaneously alter their membrane potential producing Basal electric rhythms

24
Q

BER

A

Slow waves that travel down the digestive tract

BERs don’t cause the muscles to contract because they don’t reach threshold

Low waves travel from smooth muscle cell to smooth muscle cell through gap junctions

25
Q

Frequency of these BERs

A

Stomach: 3 waves/min

Duodenum: 12 waves/min

26
Q

As long as BER stays below the threshold of the smooth muscle cells

A

no contraction along the digestive tract

27
Q

If peak of the slow waves reaches threshold

A

the smooth muscles will contract

28
Q

To Reach threshold

A

additional stimulus in the form of mechanical, nervous, hormonal input is required

additional signals will cause BERs to reach threshold and fire action potentials: causing muscle contraction of the smooth muscle walls

29
Q

contraction travel down the intestine

A

in a wave-like fashion

30
Q

Hormones of the Intestine

A

Hormones regulate gastric motility + secretion of enzymes

secretion is released in response to the presence of acid in the intestine

CCK is released in the presence of fats

31
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in the presence of fats

A
  • slows emptying of the stomach
  • stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes
  • causes gallbladder to contract to release bile
32
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

A

secreted in response to glucose + AAs

stimulates release of insulin from the pancreas

inhibits emptying of the stomach

33
Q

Food

A

Causes release of hormones

34
Q

Effect of Hormones

A

Causes release of particular pancreatic enzymes to break down food

Decreases motility + slows emptying of the stomach into the intestine

Type of food determines the type of hormones released

Hormone releases enzymes suited to digest the food

35
Q

Gastric Hormones

A
  • Stomach secretes gastrin
    • secreted by G-cells located in the antrum of the stomach in response to the presence of proteins + mechanical distention from food + stimulation of PSYN

Gastrin causes secretion of HCl

36
Q

HCl is secreted by ____ cells in the stomach

A

Parietal

amount of HCl secreted by these cells varies during the eating-digestive process

can be secreted before you start eating

37
Q

Cephalic Stage: Gastric secretion initiated in response to

A
  • sight
  • smell
  • taste
  • chewing
  • anticipatory response to the act of eating + involves the activation of the enteric nervous system through the long reflex loop
38
Q

Stimulation of the PSYN triggers (stomach)

A
  • PSYN activates the enteric nervous system
    • parietal cells release HCl
    • G-cells release gastrin
    • motility of the stomach increases
39
Q

Gastric Stage

A
  • stomach
  • gastric phase of acid secretion begins
  • stimulus
    • presence of food in the stomach distends the walls
  • presence of AAs (chemical stimulus)from the breakdown of proteins
  • Short reflex loop: - enteric nervous system
  • HCl, gastrin, pepsinogen, increase gastric motility
40
Q

Intestinal Stage

A
  • Intestine
  • most of digestive + absorptive processes take place here
  • stimulus
    • presence of fat, glucose, acidic chyme
  • decreased motility + inhibit secretions in the stomach
    • performed by the enteric neurons system
      • secretin
      • CCK
      • glucose-dependent

Physiology (12 decks)

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