Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Unit 13: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 13: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that secrete different chemicals in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Travel throughout the body to their _____ ____ to initiate their _______

A

target site

effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine system function (6) Maintenance of…

A

Maintenance of the internal environment

Temperature
Fluid Volume
Osmolarity
Adaptation to stress
growth + metabolism
reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_______ + _______ lasting effects

A

slower + longer

more widespread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ affects many _____ of the body at a ______ by secreting _______ into the _______.

A 
indirectly
organs
distance
chemicals
blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glands

A

group of specialized cells that synthesize + store and release chemicals into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hormones released into the bloodstream circulate throughout the body to specific _____ _____ that have ______ for the hormone

A

target cells

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormone will then have its effect on the target cells and either ______ or ______ the ______ of the cell

A

stimulate
inhibit
activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Above the kidneys

Secretes Aldosterone, Cortisol and Androgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pancreas

A

Above the kidneys

Secretes

Insulin
Glucagon
Stomatostasin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid

A

In the throat

secretes

T3 + T4 + Calcitonin + Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypothalamus + Pituitary Glands

A

Located in the brain.

Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones; pituitary secretes stimulating hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormones derived from tyrosine

A

Thyroxine

Triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormones derived from proteins

A

Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone
Pituitary + pancreatic hormones
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Steroid Hormones (5)

A 
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______ ______ of hormone determines the way it is carried in the blood + act on the target cell

A

chemical makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrophilic Proteins

A

Cell surface receptors

Circulate freely through the blood

Cannot diffuse through the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Steroid/Thyroid hydrophobic hormones

A

Can’t diffuse through the blood is transported on carriers.

Can diffuse through the cell membrane

Acts on receptors in the cytoplasm or on the nucelar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secreted into the blood in ______ by very specific ______

A

pulses
stimulus

neural + blood born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Amoun released can vary according to the _______ of the stimulus

A

strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

once secreted by the gland hormones are present in very ______ ______ in the blood

A

small concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Receptors

A

a unique strcuture in or on a cell that interacts with a chemical in a particular way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type of hormone determines where the receptor is located

A

Hydrophobic: Cytoplasm + Nucleus membrane

Hydrophilic: Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hydrophobic hormone binding

A

Receptors can be localized in the cytoplams or on the nuclear membrane.

the hormone must first be released by the protein carrier before it enters the cell.

the hormone binds with its receptor in the cyto/nucleus

the hormone/receptor complex will then bind to DNA w/in the nucleus and alter various activities of the cell

these activities could be increased/decreased by the production of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Receptors for hydrophilic hormones

A

Unable to diffuse through the cell membrane

hormone binds to the receptors on the cell membrane.

When a hormone binds the receptors it initiates a sequence of chemical reactions that will eventually alter the activity of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Three ways a membrane receptor can alter the cell function

A

Tyrosine kinase:

hormone+receptor complex activates tyrosine kinase on the inside surface of the membrane

tyrosine kinase alters existing proteins that will alter the activity of the cell

Gprotein:

when a hormone a G-protein is activated that lies w/in the cell membrane

G protein can then open ion channels

Secondary Messenger System:

Hormone binds receptor G-protein on the inside of the membrane produces a second receptor

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Secondary messenger is released into the cytoplams and will rapidly alter the proteins already present in the cell

altered proteins will trigger a sequence of reaction inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hormones that have their effects on their target tissue are broken down into different systems in the body

A

Tissues can break hormones down (liver and kidneys)

Can be excreted into the bile or excreted through the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below the thalamus and above the pituitary

Base of the brain

made up of nerve cells bodies

nuclei control the release of hormones from the pituitary glands/body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hypothalamus 2 Regulates two systems

A

Homeostatic:

Temperature
Water balance
Energy production

Behavioural:

Hunger
Thirst
Sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones

A

Triggers release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Prolactin releasing/inhibiting hormones

Gonadotropin

Growth Hormone Releasing/Inhibiting Hormone

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

31
Q

Pituitary glands

A

Divided into anterior and posterior pituitary

32
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Made from tissue that comes from the roof of the mouth.

endocrine cells in this area secrete pituitary hormones directly into the blood

Releases:

Prolactin releasing hormone
Thyroid releasing hormone
FSH
LH
GH

Hormone release is stimulated through the release of releasing/inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

33
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Made from the neural tissue found in the hypothalamus

Releases:

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

Oxytocin

Neurons produce neuro hormones; located in the hypothalamus secreted in the blood from the posterior pituitary in response to APs

Hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormone through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

The cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus.

Axons + nerve terminals lie in the pituitary

34
Q

Hormones of the AP control many _____ functions throughout the body

A

Metabolic

35
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormone control

A

Growth of ovaries + testes

control their reproductive functions

Thyroid releasing hormone causes the release of thyroid-stimulating hormones

Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from AP

Growth hormone is under the control of two hypothalamus hormones

GnRH stimulates AP to secrete both FSH and LH

Prolactin releasing hormone + prolactin inhibting hormone control the release of prolactin from the pituitary

36
Q

Posterior Gland

A

Secreted form PP manufactured by nerve cells whose cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus.

Hormones are carried down to the terminal ends of the nerve + released in response to AP

37
Q

Negative Feedback: Short Loop

A

Releasing hormone secreted by hypothalamus (H1)

Cause the release of an AP hormone (H2) into the blood

H2 can feedback to the hypothalamus + decrease the release of H1

38
Q

Negative Feedback: Long Loop

A

AP hormone will ciruclate to an endocrine gland to cause the release of another hormone H3

H3 can feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary to decrease the release of H1 and H2

39
Q

Negative Feedback: Ultra Long Loop

A

H3 can affect one or more target tissues

Tissues response can feedback to the hypothalamus and decrease the release of it shormone H1

40
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of T3 and T4.

T3 and T4 then inhibit the release of TSH from the pituitary/hypothalamus

41
Q

ACTH

A

Aderoncorticotropic hormone

stimulates the release of aldosterone, cortisol and androgen from the adrenal glands.

cortisol feeds back to the hypothalamus/pituitary inhibiting the release of ACTH+corticotropin

42
Q

GHRH/GHIH

A

Stimulates the release of GH from the anterior pituitary.

GH feeds back to the hypothalamus to reduce the release of GHRH

43
Q

FSH/LH

A

Stimulates the release of estrogen/testosterone from the gonads

sex steroids loop back to the pituitary and hypothalamus to decrease the release of FSH + LH+ GnRH

44
Q

Thyroid Gland Location + structure

A

Below the Larynx

Two lobes surrounding the trachae

Made up of follicles

Central region of the colloid

Surrounded by epithelial cells

Parafollicular cells lie between the follicles

45
Q

Function of the Thyroid

A

Secretes Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

Hormones are responsible for regulating the basal metabolic rate of the body

46
Q

T3/T4 are from the hydrophobic

A

Tyrosine

Requires iodine

47
Q

T3/T4

A

2 TYR and 3 iondine

2 TYR and 4 Iodine

48
Q

_____ cells produce the protein hormone

A

Follicle

49
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases calcium levels in the blood

50
Q

_ _ _ stimulates final growth

A

TSH

51
Q

Regulation of Secretion of T3/T4

A

T3/T4 feedback to the hypothalamus + pituitary to inhibit the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone + thyroid stimulating hormone

52
Q

Circulation of T3/T4

A

90% of hormones released from the thyroid gland consist of thyroxine.

10% consist of triiodothyronine

Both are hydrophobic and circulate in the blood on protein carriers

T4 is more abundant but converted into T3

53
Q

T3/T4 are produced inside the

A

follicles of the thyroid gland

54
Q

______+_____ with the help of a _____ ______

A

Iodine + tyrosine

glycoprotein

thyroglobulin

55
Q

Epithelial cells

A

take up the molecules of tyrosine from circulation

they combine with thyrogloculin produces in the cells

take up iodine absorbed from diet

56
Q

Tyrosine + thyroglobulin complex

A

Secreted into the colloid one or two molecules of iodine attach to each tyrosine

two tyrosine molecules will join while attached to the thyroglobulin

of iodine molecules attached to the tyrosine will either produce T3 or T4

57
Q

Secretion of T3/T4

A

TSH released from the pituitary will bind the receptor on the membrane of the epithelial cell which will stimulate a # of reactions

Taking up of circulating iodine

stimulated endocytosis of T3/T4-thyroglobulin complex into the cell

removal of thyroglobulin from T3 + T4 in the epithelial cell

secretion of T3 + T4 in the blood

58
Q

Production of t3/t4

A

Produced inside the follicles of the thyroid glans

iodine and tyrosine w/ the help of glycoprotein thyroglobulin

epithelial cells take up molecules of tyrosine from circulation + combine with thyroglobulin produced in the cells

tyrosine thryglobulin complex is secreted into the colloid one or two molecyles attach to each tyrosine

two tyrosine molecules will join together while attached to thyroglobulin

59
Q

Effects of T3/T4 on the Body

A

Diffuse through the cell membrane

Receptors found on the nucleus

majority of the enzymes that affect metabolic activity of the cells

60
Q

T3/T4 are responsible for the development of the ______ _____ in the fetus

A

nervous system

61
Q

T3/T4 maintain/increase

A

Alertness
responsiveness
emotional state

Body temperature
CO
Ventilation
Food intake
break down of energy stores
62
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

High BMR

Sensitive to warm room room temperature

weight loss due to increased fat breakdown/decreased fat storage

rapid heart rate

hyperactive + nervous activity

63
Q

Goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

insufficient iondine in the diet or to much thyrotropin releasing hormone and TSH

64
Q

A _____ tumor can cause an excess secertion of TSH/TRH

A

hypothalamic

TSH in excess makes the thyroid grow uncontrollably

65
Q

W/out Iodine in the blood

A

the thyroid will be unable to produce T3/T4

No negative feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary and they will continue to prpduce TSH/TRH

66
Q

Calcitonin is a

A

Protein hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid

67
Q

Parafollicular cells make up

A

0.1% of the thyroid gland in humans

68
Q

Calcitonin is secreted when

A

Ca++ blood levels are high

decreases the number + activity of special bone dissolving cells (osteoclats)

stimulates the secretion of calcium in the urine

works with the parathyroid hormone to maintain ca++ levels in the blood

69
Q

Parathyroid glands + PTH

A

Posterior side of the thyroid
4 glands in humans
secretes PTH
PTH works antagonistically to calcitonin

70
Q

PTH effects

A

increases number and activity of osteoclats

decreases the excretion of ca++ in urine by reabsorbing it into the filtrate

71
Q

Hypothyroidism (cretinism)

A

Before/after birth or during childhood

dwarfism + developmental delays

thyroid hormone treatment

72
Q

Hypothyroidism congenital lack of a thyroid gland

A

inability to synthesize T3/T4

73
Q

Lack of Iodine

A
  • sensitive to cold temperature
  • weight gain
  • low blood pressure
  • slow reflexes + apathy + lethargy
  • depression
  • easily fatigued

Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions