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Physiology > Unit 13: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 13: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that secrete different chemicals in the blood

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2
Q

Travel throughout the body to their _____ ____ to initiate their _______

A

target site

effect

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3
Q

Endocrine system function (6) Maintenance of…

A

Maintenance of the internal environment

Temperature
Fluid Volume
Osmolarity
Adaptation to stress
growth + metabolism
reproduction
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4
Q

_______ + _______ lasting effects

A

slower + longer

more widespread

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5
Q

______ affects many _____ of the body at a ______ by secreting _______ into the _______.

A 
indirectly
organs
distance
chemicals
blood
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6
Q

Glands

A

group of specialized cells that synthesize + store and release chemicals into the blood

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7
Q

Hormones released into the bloodstream circulate throughout the body to specific _____ _____ that have ______ for the hormone

A

target cells

receptors

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8
Q

Hormone will then have its effect on the target cells and either ______ or ______ the ______ of the cell

A

stimulate
inhibit
activity

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9
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Above the kidneys

Secretes Aldosterone, Cortisol and Androgen

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10
Q

Pancreas

A

Above the kidneys

Secretes

Insulin
Glucagon
Stomatostasin

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11
Q

Thyroid

A

In the throat

secretes

T3 + T4 + Calcitonin + Parathyroid hormone

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12
Q

Hypothalamus + Pituitary Glands

A

Located in the brain.

Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones; pituitary secretes stimulating hormones

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13
Q

Hormones derived from tyrosine

A

Thyroxine

Triiodothyronine

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14
Q

Hormones derived from proteins

A

Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone
Pituitary + pancreatic hormones
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Steroid Hormones (5)

A 
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
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16
Q

______ ______ of hormone determines the way it is carried in the blood + act on the target cell

A

chemical makeup

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17
Q

Hydrophilic Proteins

A

Cell surface receptors

Circulate freely through the blood

Cannot diffuse through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Steroid/Thyroid hydrophobic hormones

A

Can’t diffuse through the blood is transported on carriers.

Can diffuse through the cell membrane

Acts on receptors in the cytoplasm or on the nucelar membrane

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19
Q

Secreted into the blood in ______ by very specific ______

A

pulses
stimulus

neural + blood born

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20
Q

Amoun released can vary according to the _______ of the stimulus

A

strength

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21
Q

once secreted by the gland hormones are present in very ______ ______ in the blood

A

small concentrations

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22
Q

Receptors

A

a unique strcuture in or on a cell that interacts with a chemical in a particular way

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23
Q

Type of hormone determines where the receptor is located

A

Hydrophobic: Cytoplasm + Nucleus membrane

Hydrophilic: Cell membrane

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24
Q

Hydrophobic hormone binding

A

Receptors can be localized in the cytoplams or on the nuclear membrane.

the hormone must first be released by the protein carrier before it enters the cell.

the hormone binds with its receptor in the cyto/nucleus

the hormone/receptor complex will then bind to DNA w/in the nucleus and alter various activities of the cell

these activities could be increased/decreased by the production of proteins

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25
Receptors for hydrophilic hormones
Unable to diffuse through the cell membrane hormone binds to the receptors on the cell membrane. When a hormone binds the receptors it initiates a sequence of chemical reactions that will eventually alter the activity of the cell
26
Three ways a membrane receptor can alter the cell function
Tyrosine kinase: hormone+receptor complex activates tyrosine kinase on the inside surface of the membrane tyrosine kinase alters existing proteins that will alter the activity of the cell Gprotein: when a hormone a G-protein is activated that lies w/in the cell membrane G protein can then open ion channels Secondary Messenger System: Hormone binds receptor G-protein on the inside of the membrane produces a second receptor Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Secondary messenger is released into the cytoplams and will rapidly alter the proteins already present in the cell altered proteins will trigger a sequence of reaction inside the cell
27
Hormones that have their effects on their target tissue are broken down into different systems in the body
Tissues can break hormones down (liver and kidneys) Can be excreted into the bile or excreted through the kidneys
28
Hypothalamus
Below the thalamus and above the pituitary Base of the brain made up of nerve cells bodies nuclei control the release of hormones from the pituitary glands/body
29
Hypothalamus 2 Regulates two systems
Homeostatic: Temperature Water balance Energy production Behavioural: Hunger Thirst Sex
30
Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones
Triggers release of hormones from the anterior pituitary Prolactin releasing/inhibiting hormones Gonadotropin Growth Hormone Releasing/Inhibiting Hormone Thyrotropin releasing hormone
31
Pituitary glands
Divided into anterior and posterior pituitary
32
Anterior Pituitary
Made from tissue that comes from the roof of the mouth. endocrine cells in this area secrete pituitary hormones directly into the blood Releases: ``` Prolactin releasing hormone Thyroid releasing hormone FSH LH GH ``` Hormone release is stimulated through the release of releasing/inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
33
Posterior pituitary
Made from the neural tissue found in the hypothalamus Releases: Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) Oxytocin Neurons produce neuro hormones; located in the hypothalamus secreted in the blood from the posterior pituitary in response to APs Hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormone through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract The cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus. Axons + nerve terminals lie in the pituitary
34
Hormones of the AP control many _____ functions throughout the body
Metabolic
35
Anterior Pituitary hormone control
Growth of ovaries + testes control their reproductive functions Thyroid releasing hormone causes the release of thyroid-stimulating hormones Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from AP Growth hormone is under the control of two hypothalamus hormones GnRH stimulates AP to secrete both FSH and LH Prolactin releasing hormone + prolactin inhibting hormone control the release of prolactin from the pituitary
36
Posterior Gland
Secreted form PP manufactured by nerve cells whose cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus. Hormones are carried down to the terminal ends of the nerve + released in response to AP
37
Negative Feedback: Short Loop
Releasing hormone secreted by hypothalamus (H1) Cause the release of an AP hormone (H2) into the blood H2 can feedback to the hypothalamus + decrease the release of H1
38
Negative Feedback: Long Loop
AP hormone will ciruclate to an endocrine gland to cause the release of another hormone H3 H3 can feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary to decrease the release of H1 and H2
39
Negative Feedback: Ultra Long Loop
H3 can affect one or more target tissues Tissues response can feedback to the hypothalamus and decrease the release of it shormone H1
40
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of T3 and T4. T3 and T4 then inhibit the release of TSH from the pituitary/hypothalamus
41
ACTH
Aderoncorticotropic hormone stimulates the release of aldosterone, cortisol and androgen from the adrenal glands. cortisol feeds back to the hypothalamus/pituitary inhibiting the release of ACTH+corticotropin
42
GHRH/GHIH
Stimulates the release of GH from the anterior pituitary. GH feeds back to the hypothalamus to reduce the release of GHRH
43
FSH/LH
Stimulates the release of estrogen/testosterone from the gonads sex steroids loop back to the pituitary and hypothalamus to decrease the release of FSH + LH+ GnRH
44
Thyroid Gland Location + structure
Below the Larynx Two lobes surrounding the trachae Made up of follicles Central region of the colloid Surrounded by epithelial cells Parafollicular cells lie between the follicles
45
Function of the Thyroid
Secretes Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine Hormones are responsible for regulating the basal metabolic rate of the body
46
T3/T4 are from the hydrophobic
Tyrosine Requires iodine
47
T3/T4
2 TYR and 3 iondine 2 TYR and 4 Iodine
48
_____ cells produce the protein hormone
Follicle
49
Calcitonin
Decreases calcium levels in the blood
50
_ _ _ stimulates final growth
TSH
51
Regulation of Secretion of T3/T4
T3/T4 feedback to the hypothalamus + pituitary to inhibit the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone + thyroid stimulating hormone
52
Circulation of T3/T4
90% of hormones released from the thyroid gland consist of thyroxine. 10% consist of triiodothyronine Both are hydrophobic and circulate in the blood on protein carriers T4 is more abundant but converted into T3
53
T3/T4 are produced inside the
follicles of the thyroid gland
54
______+_____ with the help of a _____ ______
Iodine + tyrosine glycoprotein thyroglobulin
55
Epithelial cells
take up the molecules of tyrosine from circulation they combine with thyrogloculin produces in the cells take up iodine absorbed from diet
56
Tyrosine + thyroglobulin complex
Secreted into the colloid one or two molecules of iodine attach to each tyrosine two tyrosine molecules will join while attached to the thyroglobulin of iodine molecules attached to the tyrosine will either produce T3 or T4
57
Secretion of T3/T4
TSH released from the pituitary will bind the receptor on the membrane of the epithelial cell which will stimulate a # of reactions Taking up of circulating iodine stimulated endocytosis of T3/T4-thyroglobulin complex into the cell removal of thyroglobulin from T3 + T4 in the epithelial cell secretion of T3 + T4 in the blood
58
Production of t3/t4
Produced inside the follicles of the thyroid glans iodine and tyrosine w/ the help of glycoprotein thyroglobulin epithelial cells take up molecules of tyrosine from circulation + combine with thyroglobulin produced in the cells tyrosine thryglobulin complex is secreted into the colloid one or two molecyles attach to each tyrosine two tyrosine molecules will join together while attached to thyroglobulin
59
Effects of T3/T4 on the Body
Diffuse through the cell membrane Receptors found on the nucleus majority of the enzymes that affect metabolic activity of the cells
60
T3/T4 are responsible for the development of the ______ _____ in the fetus
nervous system
61
T3/T4 maintain/increase
Alertness responsiveness emotional state ``` Body temperature CO Ventilation Food intake break down of energy stores ```
62
Hyperthyroidism
High BMR Sensitive to warm room room temperature weight loss due to increased fat breakdown/decreased fat storage rapid heart rate hyperactive + nervous activity
63
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland insufficient iondine in the diet or to much thyrotropin releasing hormone and TSH
64
A _____ tumor can cause an excess secertion of TSH/TRH
hypothalamic TSH in excess makes the thyroid grow uncontrollably
65
W/out Iodine in the blood
the thyroid will be unable to produce T3/T4 No negative feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary and they will continue to prpduce TSH/TRH
66
Calcitonin is a
Protein hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
67
Parafollicular cells make up
0.1% of the thyroid gland in humans
68
Calcitonin is secreted when
Ca++ blood levels are high decreases the number + activity of special bone dissolving cells (osteoclats) stimulates the secretion of calcium in the urine works with the parathyroid hormone to maintain ca++ levels in the blood
69
Parathyroid glands + PTH
Posterior side of the thyroid 4 glands in humans secretes PTH PTH works antagonistically to calcitonin
70
PTH effects
increases number and activity of osteoclats decreases the excretion of ca++ in urine by reabsorbing it into the filtrate
71
Hypothyroidism (cretinism)
Before/after birth or during childhood dwarfism + developmental delays thyroid hormone treatment
72
Hypothyroidism congenital lack of a thyroid gland
inability to synthesize T3/T4
73
Lack of Iodine
- sensitive to cold temperature - weight gain - low blood pressure - slow reflexes + apathy + lethargy - depression - easily fatigued

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