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Physiology > Unit 13: Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Unit 13: Endocrine System II Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

__ adrenal glands resting above the kidneys

A

two

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2
Q

Adrenal gland consists of ______ and ______ tissue

A

glandular

neural

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3
Q

Inner _____ is composed of ______ tissue that is under control of the _ _ _

A

Medulla is composed of glandular tissue that is under control of the SYN

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4
Q

Outer cortex is under the control of the _______ ______. It is ______ in nature.

A

Pituitary hormones

endocrine in nature

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5
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

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6
Q

Each layer contains a different _____ ______ that secretes a different ______ ______

A

cell type

steroid hormone

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7
Q

Aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

Secreted in response to ANGII

low Na+ blood levels or high K+ blood levels

adrenocorticotropin hormone

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8
Q

Cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata

glucocorticoid hormone

helps with glucose metabolism

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9
Q

Androgen

A

Zona reticularis

secreted in response to ACTH

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10
Q

Medulla

A

Epinephrine

SYN

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11
Q

When stimulated by the SYN ______ is secreted into blood from the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

increases heart rate + force of contraction

blood flow to the heart and muscles

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12
Q

Cortisol: Always secreted…

A

I small amounts

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13
Q

Cortisol: _______ increases production and secretion

A

Stress

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14
Q

_ _ _ is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of _ _ _ _ from the pituitary

A

CRH

ACTH

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15
Q

_ _ _ _ travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands and stimulates the release of cortisol from the zona ______.

A

ACTH

Fasciculata

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16
Q

________ can feedback into the hypothalamus and _____ the release of _ _ _.

A

cortisol
inhibit
CRH

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17
Q

Cortisol molecule

A

Hydrophobic steroid hormone
diffuses into the cell and attaches to receptors in the cytoplasm
cortisol-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus of the cell and alters activity of the cell

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18
Q

Cortisol concentration ________ throughout the day due to the ______ ______.

A

Varies

circadian rhythm (metabolic cycle)

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19
Q

During the day

A

Low Cortisol levels

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20
Q

Spike

A

At around 4am
just before waking up
due to hunger; preparation for the day

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21
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

involved in glucose metabolism
protects against hypoglycemia
catabolic; causes the breakdown of complex molecules
catabolisis maintains blood glucose levels

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22
Q

Cortisol Effects

A

surpresses immune systems

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23
Q

Cortisol effects: Liver

A

increased gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

Cortisol effects: skeletal muscles

Study These Flashcards
A

decrease in protein synthesis
increase in the breakdown of proteins
decrease in glucose uptake

25
Cortisol effects: Adipose tissue
- decrease in lipid synthesis - increase in lipolysis - increase in fat deposits in the abdomen + cheeks
26
Cushing syndrome
``` excess cortisol wasting of muscles poor wound healing fat deposits in cheek and abdomen depression ```
27
Pancreas: parallel to and ______ the ______
beneath | stomach
28
Pancreas contains
Endocrine tissue: secreting hormones into the blood Exocrine tissue: secreting chemicals through a duct into the digestive tract
29
Endocrine portion
1-2 million pancreatic islets
30
Alpha cells
- 25% | - secrete glucagon
31
Beta Cells
- 60% | - Secrete insulin
32
Delta cells
- 10% of islets | - secrete somatostatin
33
Insulin
Protein hormone secreted by beta cells cause the body to store and rapidly take up glucose secreted when blood glucose levels are high a small increase is required
34
Storage of Glucose
In the liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen
35
______ + _____ + _____ _____ respond normally to insulin
- liver - muscle - adipose-tissue
36
a _______ in bg will decrease the release of insulin
decrease
37
Glucagon
works in opposition to insulin increases bg concentration secreted when bg levels drop and when AA levels in the blood are high
38
Glucagon stimulates the liver
- glycogenolysis | - gluconeogenesis
39
Secretion of glucagon is stimulated by
intense exercise increase 4 to 5 times normal amount
40
Glucagon causes the release of ______ ______.
Fatty acids can be used by muscles as a source of fuel
41
_ _ _ stimulates glucagon secretion
SYN
42
Why are fatty acids preferred by working muscles?
glucose is not that permeable to the cell membrane in the absence of insulin
43
Somatostatin
Released in the digestive tract by the hypothalamus (GHIH)
44
Somatostatin is released from
the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise/ AA levels in the blood increase or when there is increased blood born fats
45
Somatostatin reduces the secretion
of glucagon and insulin prevents extremely rapid storgae of food; makes it available for the body for a long period of time
46
Fasted individual: BG level
80-90 mg/100 ml of blood
47
1 hour after a meal
120-140 mg/100 ml of blood return to normal due to insulin
48
Starvation
glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis to help maintain blood glucose levels around 80-90 mg/100 ml of blood
49
Glucose
primary energy source for the brain, - retina | - cells of the g
50
Diabetes Mellitus
inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin inability of the target cells to react to insulin is in the blood uptake and utilization of glucose by the cells of the body is dramatically decreased except for at the brain dramatic increase of bg
51
Type I diabetes
damage to insulin producing beta cells
52
Type I diabetes occurs around the age of
14
53
In type I diabetes the
immune cells attack and destroys insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
54
Glucose _____ __ taken up by the cell (TID)
not taken up bg rises to 300-1200 mg/ 100 ml of blood
55
Cells must rely on ___ + _____ _____ as a food source
fats amino acids
56
Consequences of Type I Diabetes
glucose in urine dehydration caused by increased glycose in the urine more glucose in the filtrate reduces the amount of water reabsorbed by osmosis: more is excreted in the urine Damage to blood vessels Metabolic acidosis depletion of protein stores
57
Damage to blood vessels
- leads to tissue damage - eyes - heart attack and stroke - kidney damage - nervous system damage
58
Metabolic acidosis
accumulation of acids from the breakdown of fats
59
Type II diabetes
80-90% of all diabetes onset after 50 yoa insulin has little effect on the cells throughout the body cells are resistance to insulin's uptake and storage effect increase in bg level decreased insulin release in later stages of disease treated by a change in diet+weight loss

Physiology (12 decks)

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