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Physiology > Unit 10: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 10: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function (5)

A

Transport of O2 from the air into the blood.

Removal of co2 from the blood into the air

Control of blood acidity (pH)

Temperature Regulation

Line of defense against airborne particles

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2
Q

Anatomy: Lung Location (3)

A

Thoracic Cavity

Surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm

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3
Q

Order of Anatomy (Acronym)

A 
Nose/Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachae
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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4
Q

The Pulmonary Artery

A

Branches exstensively to form a dense netwrok of capillaries around the alveoli

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5
Q

Structure of the Capillaries + Blood flow (3)

A

One endothelial cell thick

Blood flow slows down significantly

large crossectional area

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6
Q

O2 diffuses ____ capillaries and CO2 diffuses ___.

A

into

out

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7
Q

From capillaries to heart

A

Oxygen rich blood flows back to the heart through the pulmonary vein

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8
Q

From capillaries

A

Oxygen rich blood flows back to the heart through the pulmonary vein

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9
Q

How many alveoli in a healthy human lung?

A

3 million

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10
Q

Structure of Alveoli (2)

A

Walls are 1 cell thick

composed of alveolar type 1 cells

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11
Q

Alveolar Type II cells

A

secrete a liquid called surfactant that lines the alveoli

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12
Q

A large number of _____ surround the _____ in close proximity.

A

Capillaries

Alveoli

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13
Q

Region between the alveolar space and the capillary lumen

A

Respiratory membrane

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14
Q

R. Membrane (2)

A

0.3 microns

where gas exchange takes place

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15
Q

Macrophages and lymphocytes

A

Protect alveoli from foreign particles

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16
Q

Fibers (Type + Location)

A

Of elastin and collagen are present in the walls of the alveoli, around the blood vessels and bronchi

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17
Q

Pleural Membranes

A

Outside sticks to the ribs: Parietal Pleura

Inside sticks to the lungs: Visceral Pleura

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18
Q

Two layers of the pleural membranes form the

A

Interpleural space

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19
Q

Fluid between the membranes

A

Pleural fluid (10-15ml)

reduces friction between the two pleural membranes during breathing

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20
Q

Ribs (Motion)

A

Tend to spring outwards

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21
Q

Lungs (Motion)

A

Tend to recoil and collapse due to the presence of elastin

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22
Q

Pressure Inside the Lungs

A

Alveolar Pressure

760 mmHg

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23
Q

Pressure Outside the Body

A

Atmospheric Pressure

760 mmHg

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24
Q

Interpleural Space Pressure

A

756 mmHg

Chest wall and lungs move in opposite directions causing lower interpleural space pressure

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25
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure

A

Alveolar Pressure-Intrapleural Pressure

the difference in pressure across the alveoli holds the lungs open

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26
Q

In healthy lungs transpulmonary pressure is

A

positive and keeps the lungs and alveoli open

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27
Q

If AP and IP pressures were equal

A

The lungs will collapse

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28
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure and volume are inversly related

When pressure increases volume decreases and vice versa

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29
Q

Moving air in the lungs requires an

A

air pressure gradient

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30
Q

In order for air to move into the lungs (pressure gradient)

A

High pressure outside and a low pressure inside the alveoli

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31
Q

In order for air to move out (pressure gradient)

A

There is a high pressure in the lungs and a low pressure outside

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32
Q

In order to inhale or exhale

A

Alveolar pressure must change

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33
Q

Decrease alveolar pressure by

A

Increasing lung volume

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34
Q

Increasing Lung volume

A

Move diaphragm down and external intercostal muscles of the rib contract, lifting the rib cage up and out

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35
Q

Alveolar pressure drops to _ _ _ mmHg while EP is _ _ _ mmHg

A

759 mmHg

760 mmHg

air rushes into the lungs

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36
Q

the contrations of these respiratory muscles during inhalation is an

A

Active process

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37
Q

Inspiration relies on signals from the

A

respiratory center located in the brainstem and causes the muscle to contract

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38
Q

Mechanism of expiration

A

Depends on rest or exercise

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39
Q

Mechanism of Expiration: At rest

A

Diaghragm and external intercostal muscles simply relax.

Lungs recoil to their original size

Volume decreases causing alveolar pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure

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40
Q

Alveolic Pressure _ _ _ mmHg (expiration)

A

761 mmHg

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40
Q

Alveolic Pressure _ _ _ mmHg (expiration)

A

761 mmHg

41
Q

Outside Pressure _ _ _ mmHg

A

760mmHg

42
Q

Alveolic Pressure greater than atmospheric pressure

A

Air flows out of the lungs

43
Q

During exercise

A

Air must be forced out of the lungs

44
Q

Contraction of the following structure

A

Abdominal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles of the rib

45
Q

Pressure in the lungs during exercise

A

763mmHg inside

760 mmHg outside

46
Q

The stretchability of the lungs: the more stretchable

A

The more stretchable the more compliant

47
Q

Volume change that occurs as a result of a change in pressure

A

compliance = change in volume/ change in pressure

48
Q

Compliance determines

A

the ease of breathing

low compliance is a lung that is difficult to inflate

a high compliance is a lung that is easy to inflate but difficult to deflate

49
Q

Compliance of the lung is influenced by

A

Amount of elastic tissue found in the walls of alveoli, blood vessles and bronchi

the surface tension of the film of liquid that is lining all the alveoli

50
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

Scar tissue in the lungs caused by inelastic collagen deposits on the immune cells inability to clear substances like coal dust, air pollution and abestos that have been inhaled

scar tissue decreases compliance

51
Q

Aging and Pulmonary Emphysema

A

Causes increased compliance

PE is a chronic condition produced by smoking which destroys the elastin fibers in the lungs

the presence of the fibers decrease compliance

52
Q

Compliance increases significantly and without

A

without elastin fibers to help recoil the lungs exhalation even at rest is very difficult and requires muscle contraction

53
Q

Elastic Tissue components + location

A

fibers of elastin and collagen are present in the walls of alveoli, blood vessels and bronchi

54
Q

Fibers are arranged in

A

A specific geometrical arrangement where elastin fibers are easy to stretch but collagen fibers are not

55
Q

Arrangement of the fibers contributes to

A

1/3 of the total compliance of “elastic behaviour” of healthy lungs

56
Q

The more elastin

A

The less compliant the lungs

57
Q

Surface tension

A

1/3 of the elastic behaviour of the lung

surface tension of the liquid film lining the alveoli

58
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Liquid substance produced by type 2 or great alveolar cells and consists mostly of phospholipids

59
Q

Surfactant has a

A

hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head

60
Q

Surfactant lies

A

on the surface at the air-water interface when added to water

phospholipid head groups are attracted to water molecules and will balance the inward forces w/ outward ones

forces are now equal in every direction and the water drop will flatten out due to the decreased surface tension

61
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant + Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Babies born before 36 weeks gestation do not produce proper amounts of surfactant

their alveoli tend to collapse making it very difficult to breath causing infant respiratory distress syndrome

babies extend an incredible amount of energy trying to expand their lungs leading to exhaustion

62
Q

Open heart surgery patients

A

Do not release a lot of surfactants as they find it difficult to take depp breaths leading to complications and repiratory issues

63
Q

Maximum lung capacity

A

5L of air

64
Q

Amount of air inhales depends on

A

health
age
level of activity

65
Q

Spirometer

A

Device used to measure lung volumes and capacities

useful for diagnosing pulmonary diseases

66
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during one breath at rest (500 ml)

67
Q

Inspiratory Reverse Volume

A

The maximum amount of air that can enter the lungs in addition to the tidal volume (2500 ml)

68
Q

Expiratory Reverse Volume

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume (1000 ml)

69
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration (1200 ml)

70
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after exhaling the tidal volume (tidal+ IRV)

71
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

the amount of air still in the lungs after exhalation of the tidal volume (expiratory reverse volume + residual volume)

72
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation (inspiratory reverse + tidal volume + expiratory reverse volume)

73
Q

Total Lung capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that lungs can hold (vital capacity +residual volume)

74
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Region in the lung where alveoli are located

75
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Amount of air that enters all of the conducting areas + respiratory zones in 1 minute

76
Q

Conducting Zone

A

Anatomical dead space
area in the lung where no gas exchange takes place
no alveoli

77
Q

PV Determines

A

the amount of air/oxygen available to the body

78
Q

VE =

A

Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate

7500 ml/min at rest

79
Q

Only air entering the

A

Respiratory zones is involved in gas exchange

80
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

Volume of air entering only the respiratory zones each minute

volume of fresh air available for gas exchange

81
Q

Alveolar Volume is

A

Difficult to measure

82
Q

If tidal volume is 500ml approx. 150ml remains in the conduction zone where there are no alveoli

A

150 corresponds to the weight of the person in pounds

83
Q

Alveolar Ventilation Equation

A

VA = VE - VD

84
Q

Dead Space VD Equation

A

VD = dead space volume x respiratory rate

85
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture

86
Q

Due to gas exchange

A

The actual value for alveoli PO2 is lower and PCO2 is much higher

87
Q

Blood Entering the Lungs (Partial Pressure)

A

PO2 = 40 mmHg

PCO2 = 46 mmHg

88
Q

Alveoli (Partial Pressure)

A

PO2 = 105 mmHg

PCO2 = 40 mmHg

89
Q

As blood moves past the alveoli O2 will diffuse into the bloodstream and CO2 will diffuse into the alveoli

A

PO2 = 100mmHg

PCO2 = 40 mmHg

partial pressure equilibrate w/ the alveoli PO2 and PCO2

90
Q

O2 and CO2 throughout the circulatory system

A

Blood leaving the lungs has a high PO2 (100 mmHg) and and a low PCO2

Blood returnss to the left side of the heart and is pumped through the systemic circulation.

Blood enters the tissue beds with the same PO2 and PCO2

Cells have a low PO2 (40 mmHg) and a high PCO2 (46 mmHg) inside

As blood flows through capillaries oxygen diffuses into the cells

very little oxygen is dissolved into the plasma

91
Q

How is Oxygen transported in the blood

A

Carried by hemoglobin in RBC

Dissolved in plasma

92
Q

Oxygen dissolved in plasma

A

Very little oxygen is transported in the blood dissolved plasma not enough to supply the bodies needs

1.5% of the total oxygen is carried by the protein hemoglobin in RBCs

15ml of oxygen dissolved in our plasma

require 250ml of oxygen

93
Q

How much oxygen is carried by hemoglobin

A

98.5%

4 oxygen molecules

94
Q

Red Blood Cell

A

Doughnut-shaped with a hole

just larger enough to squeeze single file through a capillary

no nucleus in their mature form

95
Q

Number of RBCs in males or females

A
  1. 2 Million

4. 7 Million

96
Q

RBC production

A

Erythropoiesis
120 day lifespan

250 million RBCs are produced every day

97
Q

RBC Production Location + Requirements

A

Takes place in bone marrow

AA

Iron

Folic Acid

B12

98
Q

RBC destruction

A

Destroyed and removed by the spleen and liver

99
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone control of erythrocyte production

90% secreted by the kidneys

10% by the liver

stimulates bone marrow to start producing RBCs

100
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted in

A

Low amounts so RBCs secreted to keep up with loses

1250 mil. RBCs per day

101
Q

Decrease in Oxygen

A

Increase in EPO

Lung disease

High Altitudes

Decrease in RBCs or total hemoglobin content

Physiology (12 decks)

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