11.3 bio

Question 1

Important similarities and differences between different modes of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked recessive, sex-linked dominant

Answer 1

autosomal genes are on chromosomes 1-22 (the autosomes), while sex-linked genes are on the X or Y chromosomes

Question 2

Difference between gain of function vs. loss of function mutations

Answer 2

Gain-of-function (GoF) mutations increase or introduce new protein functions, while loss-of-function (LoF) mutations reduce or abolish the function of a protein

Question 3

Explain an example of a cross involving a sex-linked trait

Answer 3

a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female fruit fly (XwXw) and a red-eyed male fruit fly (XWY)

Question 4

How to rule out different modes of inheritance on a pedigree and assign genotypes to individuals on a pedigree

Answer 4

start by identifying patterns in the trait’s appearance across generations. Then, consider different inheritance patterns (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive) and rule them out based on pedigree characteristics.

Question 5

Pedigree

Answer 5

a record or chart that traces the ancestry of an individual, often used to show the lineage of purebred animals or individuals with a specific lineage

Question 6

X-inactivation

Answer 6

a process in female mammals where one of the two X chromosomes is randomly silenced, making it transcriptionally inactive. This silencing, achieved by converting the X chromosome

Question 7

Carrier