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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the autonomic NS

A

a subdivision of the peripheral NS

involved with peripheral sensation and regulation of peripheral function

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2
Q

what does autonomic mean

A

not under conscious control

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3
Q

the autonomic NS controls non skeletal peripheral function:

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
internal organs
skin

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4
Q

summarise CNS and PNS in a flow diagram

A

CNS > PNS
PNS > sensory afferent division and motor efferent division
sensory afferent division > somatic sensory (external) + visceral sensory (internal)
motor efferent division > somatic motor and visceral motor
visceral motor > parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

which receptors respond to blood pressure

A

baroreceptors (where firing rate is directly proportional to pressure)

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6
Q

STEPS for detection of low blood pressure

A

drop in BP
baroreceptors are not firing off at a high rate anymore
less signal through the visceral motor neurones
parasympathetic effect reduces
sympathetic NS is usually inhibited by baroreceptor firing so reduction in firing has dropped > therefore the stimulus to inhibit sympathetic NS has decreased and can then switch on = disinhibition
sympathetic increases HR to bring BP up
(less of a positive stimulus on PS and less of a negative stimulus on the S)

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7
Q

where do visceral motor nuclei originate

A

in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

where do visceral motor neurones project to

A

the brainstem or spinal cord where they synapse with autonomic neurones (PS or S)

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9
Q

in general what do autonomic neurones consist of and what is the one exception

A

2 neurones
a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron
except for in adrenal gland - the sympathetic nerve that innervates the adrenal gland has the function and looks like a preganglionic fibre but it not

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10
Q

describe the parasympathetic nervous system fibres

A

long preganglionic fibres (originating in the brain or spinal cord) projecting down to tissue it innervates
ganglions are close to or embedded within effector tissues
short postganglionic fibres

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11
Q

describe the sympathetic nervous system fibres

A

short preganglionic fibres
ganglions close to spinal cord
long postganglionic fibres

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12
Q

what are sympathetic trunks and what do they allow

A

ganglion for sympathetic nerves
run parallel to spinal cord
more coordinated control of many sympathetic nerves at the same time
many sympathetic nerves come out of spinal cord and synapse with sympathetic trunks and allows mass activation

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13
Q

what NTs do preganglionic nerves release

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

(PNS) what NT do preganglionic and postganglionic neurones release

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

(SNS) what NTs do preganglionic fibres release

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

(SNS) what NTs do postganglionic fibres release

A

noradrenaline

17
Q

what does the adrenal gland secrete

A

a hormone not NT

adrenaline/noradrenaline and some dopamine into the blood where adrenaline acts on tissues via blood

18
Q

are there any sympathetic neurones that innervate lung tissue

A

no tehehe

19
Q

what nerves innervate lung tissue

A

parasympathetic nerves

20
Q

how do parasympathetic nerves innervate lung tissue

A

release ACh to constrict by post and preganglionic nerves

21
Q

how is the adrenal gland involved in dilation of the bronchi

A

adrenal glands secrete adrenaline > enters via blood > pass up to lungs > diffuse into lungs and cause bronchodilation

22
Q

what is the sensory information received in the bladder

A

pressure of the bladder

23
Q

what system controls the detrusor muscle (controls bladder)

A

parasympathetic system

24
Q

what system controls the internal sphincter

A

sympathetic system - keeps internal sphincter closed off

25
Q

STEPS for bladder contraction

A

1) pressure slowly builds in bladder (don’t want bladder to contract unless full)
2) sympathetic NS is in charge - internal sphincter closed off - contracted
3) when full bladder - sensory info of a full bladder is relayed up to the brain
4) switch on parasympathetic and switch off sympathetic
5) parasympathetic contracts detrusor squeezing bladder forcing the urine out
6) sympathetic NS switches off > relaxation of internal sphincter and urine can leave bladder

26
Q

what does the somatic nervous system give a voluntary control over when you empty your bladder

A

another sphincter that has control via somatic NS

27
Q

what type of receptor would you want at autonomic ganglia

A

acetylcholine receptor as acetylcholine is released at all autonomic ganglia that responds rapidly
so ION LINKED CHANNEL RECEPTOR (nAChR)
mediated all fast excitatory and inhibitory transmission

28
Q

what receptors are found in the adrenal gland

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as adrenal gland releases ACh > acts on receptors > releases adrenaline

29
Q

what receptors mediate the response to ACh released by sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla

A

nAChR

30
Q

what are the 2 G protein coupled receptors (slow response)

A

muscarinic receptor - responds to acetylcholine in tissues

adrenergic receptor - responds to noradrenaline in tissues

31
Q

what are some effectors (for G coupled protein receptors)

A

ENZYMES adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, cGMP-PDE

CHANNELS Ca2+ or K+

32
Q

BASIC STEPS for NT biosynthesis and metabolism

A

1) precursor enzymatically converted to NT
2) packaged into vesicles
3) action potential causes Ca2+ influx and exocytosis
4) exocytosis and NT release
5) receptor activation
6) removal of NT from synapse via uptake into presynaptic terminal or glial cell - can be metabolised in the synapse prior to uptake (to prevent permament actiavtion)

33
Q

STEPS for biosynthesis and metabolism for acetylcholine

A

1) choline and acetyl coA enzymatically converted by choline acetyltransferase
2) packaged into vesicles
3) AP causes Ca2+ influx and exocytosis
4) exocytosis and NT release
5) receptor activation - muscarinic or nicotinic
6) acetylcholine rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase in the synapse > choline is taken up into presynaptic terminal by choline uptake protein

34
Q

what happens if you block acetylcholinesterase

A

build up and more powerful response

35
Q

STEPS for biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline

A

1) tyrosine is converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
2) dopamine is packaged into vesicles with dopamine beta hydroxylase > NA is in vesicle
3) AP causes Ca2+ influx and exocytosis
4) exocytosis and NT release
5) receptor activation (adrenergic)
6) removal of NT from synapse via uptake into presynaptic terminal or glial cell > can be metabolised in the synapse prior to uptake

36
Q

STEPS for adrenaline release from adrenal glands

A

1) tyrosine is converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
2) dopamine is packaged into vesicles with dopamine beta hydroxylase > NA is the product in vesicle
3) noradrenaline converted to adrenaline in the cytoplasm by phenylethanol methyl transferase
4) AP causes Ca2+ influx and exocytosis
5) exocytosis and NT release
6) adrenaline diffuses into capillary and is transported to tissues in the blood

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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