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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > ECG and pulmonary tests > Flashcards

ECG and pulmonary tests Flashcards

1
Q

what does prolonged PR interval show

A

1st degree heart block

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2
Q

what does taking a calcium channel blocker do

A

reduced transmission at AVN > associated with 1st degree heart block

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3
Q

in 1st degree heart block is the T wave biphasic

A

not biphasic

T and P waves are close together (very small gap between T waves)

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4
Q

how to work out HR from an ECG

A

300/ number of big squares between 2 identical points

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5
Q

what lead do we look at in an ECG

A

2

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6
Q

elevated ST wave

A

STEMI

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7
Q

no p wave is indicative of

A

atrial fibrillation

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8
Q

what effects does cocaine have on ECG

A

noradrenaline/adrenaline
activates sympathetic NS
tachycardia

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9
Q

what is regular tachycardia called

A

sinus tachycardia

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10
Q

directions of heart for lead 1

A

9-3

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11
Q

directions of the heart for lead 2

A

11-5

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12
Q

directions of the heart for lead 3

A

1-7

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13
Q

how do you work out FVC from that graph (volume time)

A

the biggest volume = FVC

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14
Q

how do you work out FEV1 from the graph

A

read off volume at 1 seconds

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15
Q

to get the ratio including FVC and FEV1 you do

A

FEV1/FVC

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16
Q

how do you work out peak expiratory flow rate (L/min)

A 
measure in smallest possible increment 
for eg in 0.1 s = 1 L volume
to work out 1 sec divide by 0.1 so 1/0.1
then to get 60s x 60 
10 x 60 = 600
17
Q

how to understand flow rate graphs - where is FVC

A

FVC is like the furthest right hand measurement? idk how to explain it sorry just remember it
x intercept (courtesy of hemanshugh and his big brain)
HIGHEST OBSERVED X VALUE ON EXPIRATORY CURVE

18
Q

how do you get FEV1

A

FEV1 = usually marked on the graph i think lol

19
Q

how to work out peak expiratory flow rate from flow rate graph

A

highest point on graph read off y axis

then as it is per second x 60 for L/min

20
Q

what are the major 2 types of respiratory disorders

A

restrictive disorders

obstructive disorders

21
Q

what do restrictive disorders mean

A
  • extra airway diseases

- disorders that restrict the ability for the lungs to fill

22
Q

what are obstructive disorders

A

airway diseases
disorders associated with obstructed airflow
narrowing of lumen > more resistant
emphysema removes elastic properties and recoiling

23
Q

does COPD increase lung capacity

A

yes and also increases residual volume

24
Q

what is the definition for FVC

A

forced vital capacity (the max amount of air in a single breath - forced exhale)

25
Q

what is the definition of FEV1

A

forced expired volume in 1 sec - air out in 1st second of expiration

26
Q

what is the protocol for measuring flow rate

A

1) patient wears nose clip
2) patient inhales steady to TLC
3) patient wraps lips around mouthpiece
4) patient exhales as hard and fast as possible
5) exhalation continues until RV is reached
6) visually inspect performance and volume time curve and repeat if necessary :
- inconsistencies with clinical picture
- interrupted flow data

27
Q

what is affected by the height of an individual

A

the height of the plateau

FVC is affected

28
Q

how does the FVC differ in someone with an obstructive disorder

A

less steep as ability to eject air quickly decreases

29
Q

how does the FVC differ in someone who has a restrictive disorder

A

steep - ability to eject air as much as possible

30
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio normal

A

84%

31
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio obstructive

A

53%

32
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio restrictive

A

100%

33
Q

reduced FVC and indented exhalation curve shows..

A

an indent called coving is present in mild obstructive disease

34
Q

reduced FVC, indented exhalation curve and reduced PEFR shows..

A

severe obstructive disease

35
Q

what does a reduced FVC and narrower curve show

A

restrictive disease
NO COVING
PEFR slightly lower

36
Q

blunted inspiratory curve otherwise normal shows

A

variable extrathoracic obstruction

37
Q

blunted expiratory curve otherwise normal shows

A

variable intrathoracic obstruction

38
Q

what does a blunted inspiratory and expiratory and otherwise normal flow rate show

A

fixed airway obstruction

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