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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > structure and function of the airways > Flashcards

structure and function of the airways Flashcards

1
Q

what does the trachea divide into

A

2 main bronchi

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2
Q

what do the 2 bronchi divide into

A

2 more bronchi

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3
Q

what is the process of bifurcation called

A

dichotomous branching

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4
Q

what provides mechanical stability in the trachea

A

C shaped hyaline rings

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5
Q

how is the cartilage structured around the bronchi

A

actual rings of cartilage

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6
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveolar ducts

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7
Q

what is the name of bronchioles that have no cartilage

A

terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

where are alveolar ducts found

A

respiratory bronchioles

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9
Q

describe type 1 cells

A

very thin, flat delicate barrier (facilitates gas exchange)

covers 95% of the surface

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10
Q

describe type 2 cells

A 
replicate to replace type 1 cells 
greater in number than type 1 cells but only cover 5% of surface 
secrete surfactant (reduces surface tension) antiproteases
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11
Q

what is xenobiotic metabolism

A

metabolise obnoxious chemicals that may enter airways

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12
Q

a basic function of the respiratory airways is to act as conduit pipes to…

A

conduct O2 to the alveoli
conduct CO2 out of the lung
gas exchange

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13
Q

basic functions of the respiratory airways is facilitated by…

A

mechanical stability (cartilage)
control of calibre (smooth muscle)
protection and cleansing

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14
Q

what is the pharynx

A

a common passageway for foods, liquids and air

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15
Q

what does the conchae do

A

highly vascular

contributes to warming and humidification of intra nasally inhaled air

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16
Q

what do nasal hairs do

A

filters out large particles

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17
Q

where are the submucosal glands

A

embedded in airways smooth muscle

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18
Q

what happens when smooth muscle contracts

A

it narrows down airway and maybe presses against gland to squeeze out mucus

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19
Q

where does the produced mucus go

A

into the airway lumen

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20
Q

what do ciliated cells do

A

move/beat/waft mucus to the back of the throat to swallow

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21
Q

what other cells also produce mucus

A

goblet cells

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22
Q

what are some lining cells types

A

ciliated
intermediate
brush
basal

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23
Q

what are some contractile cells types

A

smooth muscle (airway, vasculature)

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24
Q

what are some secretory cells types

A

goblet (epithelium)
mucous
serous (glands)

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25
Q

what are some connective tissue cell types

A 
fibroblasts
interstitial cell (elastin, collagen, cartilage)
26
Q

what are some neuroendocrine cell types

A

nerves
ganglia
neuroendocrine cells
neuroepithelial bodies

27
Q

what are some vascular cell types

A 
endothelial 
pericyte
plasma cell (and smooth muscle)
28
Q

what are some immune cell types

A 
mast cell
dendritic cell
lymphocyte
eosinophil
macrophage
neutrophil
29
Q

what do mucin granules contain

A

mucin in a highly condensed form

30
Q

what happens to mucin granules upon a stimulus

A

upon a stimulus > mucin granules move towards the apical surface (top surface of the cell) > fuse with apical surface and release mucus onto airway surface

31
Q

what do mucous cells secrete

A

mucus :))))

32
Q

what do serous cells secrete

A

antibacterial enzymes (eg. lysozme)

33
Q

what do glands secrete

A

water and salts (eg. Na+ and Cl-)

34
Q

what do cilia contain (structure)

A

apical “hooks” - engage with mucus
axoneme - microtubules
cell membrane
“anchoring” proteins (intracellular)

an efficient structure which moves cilia, axonemes slide over each other pushing cilium from one side to the other

35
Q

what rhythm is the way cilia beats

A

metachronal

36
Q

describe the way cilia beats

A

different fields of cilia
one field beats on the forward stroke and then the recovery stroke
when the first field is on the recovery stroke, the second field is on the forward stroke etc and that way it is able to beat

37
Q

what are the functions of airway epithelium

A

secretions of mucins, water and electrolytes, components of mucus (+plasma, mediators)
movement of mucus by cilia - mucociliary clearance
physical barrier
production of regulatory and inflammatory mediators

38
Q

what are some examples of regulatory and inflammatory mediators

A
  • nitric oxide (NO - via nitric oxide synthase NOS)
  • carbon monoxide (CO - via heme oxygenase HO)
  • arachidonic acid metabolites (eg prostaglandins via COX)
  • chemokines (eg GM-CSF)
  • proteases
39
Q

how to test for NOS

A

brown staining?

produces NO - contributes to ciliary beats

40
Q

what does airway smooth muscle contribute to

A

structure, tone and secretion

41
Q

how does airway smooth muscle contribute to tone

A

airway calibre - contraction and relaxation

42
Q

how does airway smooth muscle contribute to secretion

A

mediators
cytokines
chemokines

bacterial products and cytokines act on smooth muscle > producing more NO/prostaglandins/cytokines/chemokines/adhesion molecules > recruitment of other inflammatory cells into airways

43
Q

how does airway smooth muscle contribute to structure

A

hypertrophy

proliferation

44
Q

what kind of systemic circulation exists in airway vasculature

A

tracheo-bronchial circulation

45
Q

how much of cardiac output does the tracheo-bronchial circulation take

A

1-5% but high perfusion

46
Q

how much blood flow to airway mucosa is there?

A

100-150 mL/min/100g of tissue

among highest to any tissue

47
Q

what do bronchial arteries arise from

A

sites on aorta, intercostal arteries and others

48
Q

what does blood return to tracheal circulation by

A

systemic veins

49
Q

where does blood return from bronchial circulation to both sides of the heart by

A

bronchial and pulmonary veins

50
Q

what lies underneath the epithelium surface

A

subepithelium microvascular network

plexus of arteries, capillaries and veins supplying epithelium and submucosa with nutrients and oxygen

51
Q

what are some theoretical functions of the tracheo-bronchial circulation

A
  • good gas exchange (directly between airway tissues and blood)
  • contributes to warming of inspired air
  • contributes to humidification of inspired air
  • clears inflammatory mediators
  • clears inhaled drugs (good or bad depending on drug)
  • supplies airway tissue and lumen with inflammatory cells
  • supplies airway tissue and lumen with proteinaceous plasma (plasma exudation - leakage of plasma)
52
Q

what are controls of airway function

A

nerves
regulatory and inflammatory mediators
proteinases/proteases
reactive gas species

53
Q

examples of nerves involved in control of airway function

A

parasympathetic (cholinergic)
sympathetic - adrenergic
sensory

54
Q

examples of regulatory and inflammatory mediators involved in control of airway function

A

histamine
arachidonic acid metabolites (eg prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
cytokines
chemokines

55
Q

examples of proteinases/proteases involved in control of airway function

A

neutrophil elastase

56
Q

example of reactive gas species involved in control of airway function

A

O2- and NO

57
Q

can the airway contract and relax

A

yes

58
Q

what does adrenaline do to the airway

A

relaxes the airway - opens up airway

59
Q

what does the neural pathway do to the airway

A

also opens up the airways - NO gas produced > caused airway to relax and open

60
Q

do we have a sympathetic system to open up our airways

A

no

61
Q

can cells produce more than one mediator and can they do more than one thing

A

yes

62
Q

what are some respiratory diseases

A 
asthma
COPD
CF
- all of which are common conditions
airway inflammation, obstruction and remodelling

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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