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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > ventilation and gas exchange > Flashcards

ventilation and gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition for minute ventilation

A

the volume of air expired in one minute or per minute

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2
Q

what is the definition for respiratory rate

A

the frequency of breathing per minute

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3
Q

what is the definition for alveolar ventilation

A

the volume of air reaching the respiratory zone per minute

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4
Q

what is the definition for respiration

A

the process of generating ATP either with an excess of oxygen (aerobic) or a shortfall (anaerobic)

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5
Q

what is the definition for anatomical dead space

A

the capacity of the airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

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6
Q

what is the definition for alveolar dead space

A

capacity of the airways that should be able to undertake gas exchange but cannot (eg hypoperfused alveoli)

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7
Q

what is the definition for physiological dead space

A

equivalent to the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

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8
Q

what is the definition for hypoventilation

A

deficient ventilation of the lungs - unable to meet metabolic demand (increased PO2 - acidosis)

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9
Q

what is the definition for hyperventilation

A

excessive ventilation of the longs atop of metabolic demand (results in reduced PCO2 - alkalosis)

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10
Q

what is the definition for hyperpnoea

A

increased depth of breathing (to meet metabolic demand)

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11
Q

what is the definition for hypopnoea

A

decreased depth of breathing (inadequate to meet metabolic demand)

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12
Q

what is the definition for apnoea

A

cessation of breathing (no air movement)

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13
Q

what is the definition for dyspnoea

A

difficulty in breathing

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14
Q

what is the definition for bradypnoea

A

abnormally slow breathing rate

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15
Q

what is the definition for tachypnoea

A

abnormally fast breathing rate

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16
Q

what is the definition for orthopnoea

A

positional difficulty in breathing - when lying down

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17
Q

what is the definition for tidal volume

A

the amount of air that is moving in and out in a normal breath

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18
Q

what is the definition for inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of additional air you can take in atop your tidal volume

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19
Q

what is the definition for expiratory volume

A

after a normal breath out, how much more you can breathe out

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20
Q

what is the definition for residual volume

A

volume of air you cannot get rid of

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21
Q

what is the definition for total lung capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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22
Q

what is the definition for vital capacity

A

measured

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23
Q

what is the definition for functional residual capacity

A

after a normal breath, how much air is in the lungs

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24
Q

what is the definition for inspiratory capacity

A

they didn’t really give one so?

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25
Q

what is the difference between volumes and capacities

A

volumes are discrete sections of the graph and do not overlap
capacities are the sum of 2 or more volumes

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26
Q

what is the definition for minute ventilation

A

(L/min)

gas entering and leaving the lungs

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27
Q

equation for minute ventilation (L/min)

A

tidal volume (L/breath) x breathing frequency (breaths per min) = minute ventilation

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28
Q

what is the definition for alveolar ventilation (L/min)

A

gas entering and leaving the alveoli

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29
Q

equation for alveolar ventilation (L/min)

A

(tidal volume L/breath - dead space L) x breathing freq = alveolar ventilation

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30
Q

what are some factors affecting lung volumes and capacities

A 
body size - height and shape
sex - males and females
disease - pulmonary/neurological
age - chronological, physical
fitness - innate, training
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31
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

first 16 generations of bifurcations
not participating in gas exchange
typically 150 mL in adults at FRC
equivalent to anatomical dead space

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32
Q

what is non perfused parenchyma

A

alveoli without a blood supply
no gas exchange
typically 0 mL in adults
called alveolar dead space

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33
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

7 generations of bifurcations after the 16
gas exchange does occur
air reaching here is equivalent to alveolar ventilation

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34
Q

how do you calculate physiological dead space

A

anatomical + alveolar dead space

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35
Q

what is a reversible procedure that can increase the amount of dead space

A

anaesthetic
circuit
snorkelling

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36
Q

what is a reversible process that can decrease the amount of dead space

A

tracheostomy

cricothyroctomy

37
Q

what does the chest wall have a tendency to do

A

spring outwards

38
Q

what does the lung have a tendency to do

A

recoil inwards

39
Q

what is the neutral position of the intact chest

A

end tidal expiration (FRC)

the forces of the chest and the lung are in equilibrium

40
Q

what is the relationship between the lung and chest at equilibrium

A

chest recoil = lung recoil

41
Q

what happens when inspiratory muscle effort + chest recoil > lung recoil

A

inspiration

42
Q

what happens when chest recoil < lung recoil + expiratory muscle effort

A

expiration

43
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by

A

visceral pleural membrane

44
Q

what is the inner surface of the chest wall covered by

A

parietal pleural membrane

45
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

the gap between pleural membranes

is a fixed volume and contains protein rich pleural fluid

46
Q

what does the interpleural space contain

A

fluid
makes the lung and chest wall work in partnership
however things can interrupt this

47
Q

what does bleeding into the interpleural space do

A

cause positive pressure

lung cannot expand properly

48
Q

what does a puncture lead to

A

perforated chest wall
lose negative pressure
pneumothorax
reduce effectiveness of ventilation

49
Q

which way does pressure go

A

high pressure to low pressure

50
Q

what is negative pressure breathing

A

P alv is reduced below P atm

51
Q

what is positive pressure breathing

A

P atm is increased above P alv

52
Q

what are some examples of positive pressure breathing

A

mechanical ventilation

CPR

53
Q

what is the effect of the diaphragm

A

pulling force in 1 direction

54
Q

what is the effect of the other respiratory muscles

A

an upwards and outwards swinging force

55
Q

What is Dalton’s law

A

pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (P) of gases in that mixture

56
Q

what is Fick’s law

A

molecules diffuse from regions of high conc to low conc at a rate proportional to the conc gradient (P1 - P2), the exchange SA (A) and the diffusion capacity (D) of the gas and inversely proportional to the thickness of the exchange surface (T)

57
Q

what is Henry’s law

A

at a constant temp, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

58
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

at a constant temp, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of that gas

59
Q

What is Charle’s law

A

at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to the temp of that gas

60
Q

what are the air percentages and partial pressures at sea level

A 
N2 = 78.09% and 79.1 mmHg
O2 = 20.95% and 21.3
Ar = 0.93% and 0.9
CO2 = 0.04% and 0.04 
Ne, He, H2, Kr etc = <0.01% too small
61
Q

what is the total O2 delivery at rest

A

16 mL.min-1

62
Q

what is resting VO2 and what does this mean about reliance on dissolved O2

A

250 mL.min-1 so relying on dissolved O2 alone is not conducive with life

63
Q

what do haemoglobin monomers consist of

A

a ferrous iron ion (Fe2+, haem-) at the centre of a

tetrapyrrole porphyrin ring connected to a protein chain (-globin) covalently bonded at the proximal histamine residue

64
Q

how many monomers is each haemoglobin molecule made of

A

4

65
Q

is each monomer coded for by a separate gene

A

yes

66
Q

what are the chain structures in haemoglobin

A

2 alpha chains which can be accompanied by 2 beta or 2 gamma chains
to get a different haemoglobin tetramer

67
Q

what are the 3 tetramers

A

HbA
HbA2
HbF

68
Q

what do 2 alpha and 2 beta chains make

A

HbA

69
Q

what do 2 alpha and 2 delta chains make

A

HbA2

70
Q

what does 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains make

A

HbF

71
Q

does haemoglobin bind reversibly or irreversibly

A

reversibly

72
Q

what happens each time oxygen binds to haemoglobin

A

affinity for oxygen increases

binding site is created

73
Q

what kind of a protein is Hb

A

allosteric protein

changes shape depending on what is bound or unbound

74
Q

describe the normal oxygen dissociation curve

A

oxygen dissociation curve is a normal sigmoidal
left hand side = systemic
right hand side = pulmonary

75
Q

what is leftwards shift

A 
increased affinity loading
decreased temp
alkalosis
hypocapnia
decreased 2,3 DPG
76
Q

what is rightwards shift

A 
increased temp
acidosis
hypercapnia
increased 2,3 DPG 
BOHR effect
77
Q

what is upwards shift

A

polycythaemia

increased oxygen - carrying capacity

78
Q

what is downwards shift

A

anaemia

impaired oxygen carrying capacity

79
Q

what does CO do to Hb and the oxygen binding curve

A

increases the affinity of Hb for the oxygen it does bind but also takes binding sites away from oxygen and the oxygen is also bound more tightly

downwards and leftwards shift
decreased capacity
increased affinity
increased HbCO

80
Q

what does the curve look like for foetal Hb

A

more left but starts at same point and ends at same point and is more r shaped
greater affinity than adult HbA to extract oxygen from mothers blood in placenta

81
Q

what does the curve look like for myoglobin

A

starts and ends at the same place but much much more left and abrupt r shape
much much greater affinity than adult HbA to extract oxygen from circulating blood and store it

82
Q

what are the steps for oxygen transport (not explained)

A

1) loading in lungs
2) unloading at tissues
3) loading in tissues x3

83
Q

describe the STEPS for oxygen loading in lungs

A

1) blood returns to the lung in the pulmonary circulation
2) very saturated? unsaturated imo - each Hb has 4 binding sites
3) oxygen diffuses into blood > binds to Hb

84
Q

describe the STEPS for unloading at tissues

A

1) coming out of left ventricle > arteries going to bronchial circulation > drains into pulmonary vein
2) oxygen moves down it’s conc gradient and supports the metabolic production of energy

85
Q

how do you work out resting VO2 to be approx 250 mL.min-1

A

lose 5mL per dL of blood for every 100mL that passes through
cardiac output = 5L per minute
100 mL goes in 50 times so
-5 x 50 = -250 mL O2.min-1

86
Q

describe the STEPS for loading at tissues

A

1) CO2 moves into blood
2) bind reversibly but slowly and non enzymatically with water to produce carbonic acid which dissociates into protons and bicarbonate
into red blood cells
3) carbonic anhydrase catalyses reaction 5000x quicker
4) bicarbonate moves out into blood
5) chloride exchange (negative ions enter RBC to maintain RMP)
6) water moves in RBC
7) CO2 also binds to Hb at the amine end > carbon amino haemoglobin
8) excess protons need to bind to negative anionic sites on global chains to manage pH change - enzyme function

87
Q

what is CO2 flux

A

48 -> 52

about 80% of O2 consumption

88
Q

what is pulmonary transit time

A

google = an indirect measure of preload and left ventricular function
there is a 3/4 of a second window for gas exchange to occur
lungs are efficient at having blood go through at the right speed and over the right amount of SA

89
Q

what is a shunt

A

a flow of blood not doing the normal circuit

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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