Exam 6: LaCount

Question 1

What insect transmits malaria

Answer 1

mosquito

Question 2

What organisms cause the vast majority of malaria infections

Answer 2

1. Plamodium falciparum

2. Plasmodium vivax

Question 3

What species can cause malaria relapses

Answer 3

1. Plasmodium vivax

2. Plasmodium ovale

Question 4

How does plasmodium flaciparum cause infection in other blood cells

Answer 4

In the red blood cell, the trophozoite multiplies, producing new merozoites. These are released when the red blood cell ruptures, and can infect other red blood cells

Question 5

How does plasmodium flaciparum metabolize hemoglobin

Answer 5

Endocytosis of pockets of red blood cell cytoplasm through cytosomes, which transfer hemoglobin to digestive vacuoles, which will break down hemoglobin and provide amino acids to plasmodium

Question 6

Malaria chemoprophylaxis options

Answer 6

1. atovaquone-proguanil

2. doxycycline

Question 7

Malaria chemoprophylaxis in sensitive parasites

Answer 7

chloroquine

Question 8

malaria chemoprophylaxis for weekly admin, good for long trips

Answer 8

mefloquine

Question 9

malaria chemoprophylaxis if >90% p. vivax in area

Answer 9

primaquine

Question 10

what do tissue schizonticides do

Answer 10

kill liver stage parasites

Question 11

what do blood schizonticides do

Answer 11

kill erythocytic forms

Question 12

Artermisinin MOA

Answer 12

1. May inhibit PfPI3K

2. Form free radicals

Question 13

Artermisinin key functional group

Answer 13

endoperoxide group

Question 14

chloroquine MOA

Answer 14

1. inhibition of b-haematin formation and heme polymerization
2. Fe(III)PPK complexing group

Question 15

chloroquine MOA

Answer 15

Inhibit heme polymerization by accumulating chloroquine in food vacuole

Question 16

quinine MOA

Answer 16

same as chlorquine

inhibits heme polymerization

Question 17

quinine AE

Answer 17

1. Cinchonism
2. Stimulate uterine contractions
3. Hemolysis

Question 18

why does hemolysis occur as a AE for quinine

Answer 18

G6PD deficiency

Question 19

What drugs are active against the hypnozoite stage of p. virax

Answer 19

1. primaquine

Question 20

primaquine activation

Answer 20

Metabolism by CYP 2D6 is necessary

Question 21

primaquine MOA

Answer 21

1. hydoxylation of CYP 2D6

2. Produce H2O2 to kill plasmodium parasites

Question 22

primaquine AE

Answer 22

1. Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

Question 23

malarone components

Answer 23

proguanil + atovaquone

Question 24

proguanil MOA

Answer 24

converted to cycloguanil to be a selective inhibitor of the DHFR-TS

Question 25

atovaquone MOA

Answer 25

selective inhibitor of malaria mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex

Question 26

doxycycline MOA

Answer 26

target components of the apicoplast

Question 27

treatment options for toxoplasmosis

Answer 27

1. pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine (or clinda)

Question 28

treatment options for pneumocystis

Answer 28

1. trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole

2. atavaquone

Question 29

fexinidazole MOA

Answer 29

inhibit DNA synthesis

Question 30

fexinidazole SOA

Answer 30

first and second stage West African trypanosomiasis

Question 31

nifurtimox and benzidazole MOA

Answer 31

unknown

generaiton of nitro radical anions

Question 32

nifurtimox and benzidazole SOA

Answer 32

t. cruzi

late stage t. brucei

Question 33

treatment of choice for giardia lamblia

Answer 33

metronidazole

nitazoxanide

Question 34

metronidazole SOA

Answer 34

Entamoeba histolytica, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis

kills trophozoites but not cysts

Question 35

metronidazole MOA

Answer 35

nitro radicals

Question 36

cryptosporidium DOC

Answer 36

nitazoxanide

Question 37

nitazoxanide MOA

Answer 37

Uncertain

Inhibits anaerobic metabolism by disrupting energy cycle

Question 38

nitazoxanide SOA

Answer 38

1. sporozites & oocysts of cryptosporidium

2. trophozoites of giardia

Question 39

what worms cause tapeworm infections

Answer 39

1. taenia saginata (beef)
2. taenia solium (pork)
3. diphyllobothrium latum (fish)
4. echinococcus granulosis (dog)

Question 40

What is cysticercosis

Answer 40

Ingesting eggs produced by t. solium that can hatch in the intestine, invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to striates muscles

Question 41

what is neurocysticercosis

Answer 41

brain disease of cysticercosis

Question 42

Benzimidazoles MOA

Answer 42

Binds to tubulin to inhibit formation of microtubules: inhibit cell division, secretion of parasite molecules, and glucose uptake

Question 43

Benzimidazoles affinity

Answer 43

can bind to mammalian tubulin but binds with higher affinity to helminth tubulin

Question 44

Albendazole SOA

Answer 44

cysticercosis

pinworms, hookworms, ascarisis, trichuriasis, and stronglyoidiasis

Question 45

mebendazole SOA

Answer 45

pinworms, hookworms, ascariasis, and trichuriasis

Question 46

praziquantel MOA

Answer 46

binds to heminth transient receptor ion channel to detach worm blood vessel wall by worm contraction and paralysis from the influx of calcium

Question 47

praziquantel SOA

Answer 47

cestodes and trematodes and all forms of schistosomiasis

Question 48

ivermectin DOC

Answer 48

strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis

Question 49

ivermectin MOA

Answer 49

paralyzes microfilariae to bind to GABA and increase intracellular chloride concentration to block release of progeny

DOES NOT KILL ADULT WORMS

Question 50

pyrantel SOA

Answer 50

hookworms

Question 51

pyrantel MOA

Answer 51

worms are paralyzed and expelled by releasing ACh and inhibiting cholinesterase