Aztecs Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define national unity.

A

A sense of common purpose and direction among a nation’s citizens.

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2
Q

Define ideals.

A

The highest standards/values an individual/group can conceive.

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3
Q

Define mosque.

A

A sacred place of worship in the Islamic faith.

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4
Q

Define hadith.

A

The sacred sayings of the prophet Muhammad.

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5
Q

Define caliph.

A

A supreme ruler under the Islamic faith.

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6
Q

Define caliphate.

A

The area of jurisdiction of Islamic rulers.

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7
Q

Define principalities.

A

Small political areas that rulers have the right to rule.

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8
Q

Define martyr.

A

A person who is willing to die for his beliefs.

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9
Q

Define Reconquista.

A

The Christian reconquest of Spain from the Muslims.

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10
Q

Define Spanish Inquisition.

A

A state-run court system where non-Catholics were put on trial.

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11
Q

Define monotheism.

A

Belief in one God.

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12
Q

Define polytheism.

A

Belief in many gods.

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13
Q

Define Le Grand Derangement.

A

The expulsion of the Acadians from their homeland.

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14
Q

Define Hildagos.

A

A class of lower nobles in Spain.

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15
Q

Define missionaries.

A

Men and women from religious orders with the authority to teach and convert people to the Catholic religion.

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16
Q

Define Moors.

A

A Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent from North America. Conquered the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th Century.

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17
Q

Define status.

A

A position/power/rank in relation to others.

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18
Q

Define Conquistador.

A

One whom conquers; specifically, a leader in the Spanish conquest of America and especially of Mexico and Peru in the 16th Century.

19
Q

How did the Reconquest begin? Who started it?

A

The move to retake the Iberian Peninsula, under Moorish control, the re-conquest was first led by the rulers of the Kingdom of Castile who captured the Moorish city of Toledo in 1085.

20
Q

What two places became important cultural centers in Europe?

A

Cordoba and then Granada.

21
Q

Cordoba and Granada became what?

A

Important cultural centers in Europe.

22
Q

What was religion like in Spain in the 1100s? (2)

A
  1. Moors, Jews, and Christians were all allowed to practice their own beliefs. (Moors and Jews were not accepted in the rest of Europe because they were not Catholic.)
  2. A few northern regions however became more powerful and struggled to take back the southern lands ruled by Moors.
23
Q

What religion did people in most of Europe follow in the 1100s?

A

Christianity.

24
Q

Who united to fight Moors?

A

Rulers of Aragon and Catalonia united to fight Moors.

25
Q

What did the Pope think of this Crusade?

A

He declared his support for it in the 1200s.

26
Q

What cities did Castile capture, leaving only Granada?

A

Captured the cities of Cordoba and Cadiz.

27
Q

What was the last Moorish Kingdom left in Spain?

A

Moors now only had the small Kingdom of Granada in southern Spain.

28
Q

When and by who was Granada captured?

A

Granada was captured by the conquistadors of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I, in 1492, ending the Moorish CONTROL of Spain.

29
Q

How long did the Muslim rule in Spain last?

A

More than 700 years.

30
Q

What did many Christians believe it was their duty to do?

A

Many Christians believed it was their duty to carry forth the word of God and convert “non-believers” to Catholicism.

31
Q

Who did the Spanish conquistadors feel they were fighting for?

A

God, not their country.

32
Q

Although the Moors were defeated…

A

…there were still many separate Kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula with regional loyalties.

33
Q

What were the two largest Kingdoms?

A

Aragon and Castile.

34
Q

How were Aragon and Castile unified? When?

A

With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile who became King and Queen of the combined areas in 1479.

35
Q

Was Spain a nation by the time Ferdinand and Isabella married?

A

Spain was not yet a nation.

36
Q

What did it take for a citizen to be considered a loyal subject?

A

They were considered loyal subjects only if they practiced the same religious beliefs as the ruler in power.

37
Q

What was the Roman Catholic faith considered after the Reconquista?

A

The only true faith in Spain.

38
Q

What happened to all Jews and Muslims eventually?

A

All Jews and Muslims, even those who converted, were expelled from Spain.

39
Q

What was a key motive for European explorers?

A

The search for gold. They wanted to become wealthy themselves and the monarchs who supported their voyages needed the gold to support their country’s economies.

40
Q

What was an important part of European thinking during the Renaissance?

A

The idea that national wealth is based on a country’s supplies of gold and silver.

41
Q

What did being wealthy mean for a country? (5)

A
  1. It meant that a country could buy the natural resources it lacked.
  2. Rulers could pay for wars against hostile forces within their countries.
  3. Could protect their borders and keep out foreign powers.
  4. Gold also let them buy ships.
  5. Let them fund wars to take over territories.
42
Q

When did Spain use up its gold and silver reserves?

A

In 1492.

43
Q

What happened in 1492? (2)

A
  1. Spain used up its gold and silver reserves.

2. Granada surrendered.

44
Q

What did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hope about Columbus’ mission?

A

That it would bring back gold to support the Spanish economy.