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bioscience > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

structurally

A

upper respiratory system- clena, humidify and warm incoming air, reabsorb head and water from outgoing air
lower respiratory system- conducts air to the gas exchange surfaces, gas exchange

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2
Q

functionally

A

conducting zone- passageways that conduct the air, as well as cleanse, humidify and warm the incoming air and reabsorb heat and water from outgoing air
respiratory zone- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

nose & nasal cavity

A

nasal cavity- mucosal epithelium- produces mucus humidifies incoming air traps particles contains antibacterial compounds
bears cilia which moves contaminated mucous to the throat

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4
Q

pharynx and larynx

A

pharynx- passage way for air and food
larynx- arrangement of cartilages
open passageway for air to reach the trachea
routes food and air into the correct passageways

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5
Q

trachea and lungs

A

windpipe, c shaped cartilage rings

lie within the thoracic cavity- pleural cavity
pleural fluid are within the pleural space, acts as a lubricant and adheres lungs to thoracic cavity

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6
Q

respiratory tree

A

branching network pf airways starting form the trachea
conducting zone- airway becomes smaller diameter decreases
cartilage rings- cartilage plates
mucociliary escalator disappears
gain smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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7
Q

respiratory zone

A

alveolar sacs and alveoli are surrounded by capillaries

the respiratory membrane formed where the alveoli connects the capillary and is site of gas exchange

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8
Q

respiratory membrane

A

formed where the type 1 alveolar epithelial cells contact the capillaries
very thin hence efficient gas exchange
alveola surface is coated with alveoli fluid prevents damage, facilitates gas exchange and surfactant prevents alveolar collapse

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9
Q

blood supply to the lungs

A

enters:
1. pulmonary circulation: pulmonary arteries deliver blood requiring oxygenation and nutrients for alveoli
2. bronchial circulation: bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to rest of the lung tissue
Leaves:
pulmonary circulation: pulmonary veins return blood to the heart

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10
Q

innervation of the lungs

A 
sensory fibre sends messages to respiratory centre in the brainstem to influence respiratory rhythm 
sympathetic fibres (dilate)
parasympathetic fibres (constrict)
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11
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of a closed container
change in thoracic cavity
this sets up a pressure gradient= gas flows down a pressure gradient

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12
Q

inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles contract and ribcage expands and lifts up

  1. inspiratory muscle (diaphragm and external intercostal muscle) contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume s=increases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
  5. air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
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13
Q

expiration

A

external intercostal muscle relax, ribcage descends and becomes smaller

  1. inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, ribcage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic lungs recoil passively intrapulmonary volume decreases
  4. pulmonary pressure rises
  5. aur flows out of lungs down its concentration gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
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14
Q

stops lungs from collapsing

A

surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
pleural fluid sticks the parietal and visceral pleural membranes together
elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thoracic wall outwards

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15
Q

passive and forced expiration

A

passive- muscle relaxation only (external intercostal and diaphragm) depends on lung recoil
forced- physical activity or specific vocalisation
internal intercostal muscle contract, further depress the ribcage
involves contraction of accessory muscles

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16
Q

gas flow/ ventilation

A

dependent on a number of factors including resistance, alveolar surface tension and compliance

17
Q

resistance

A

F= P/R
resistance= opposition to gas flow
friction between air and airway walls
dependant upon airway diameter

18
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

surface tension between water molecules in alveolar in alveolar fluid
surfactant-lipid protein complex produced by alveolar epithelial cells reduced surface tension of alveolar fluid
prevents alveolar collapse
reduces effort required to expand alveolar= facilities ventilation

19
Q

compliance

A

measure of ability of the lungs and thoracic cavity to stretch
depends on: lung elasticity, alveolar surface tension , flexibility of muscles and joints of thoracic wall

20
Q

obstructive disorders

A

reduced airways diameter, reduced resistance, shortness of breath, hypoventilation

21
Q

restrictive disorders

A

reduced thoracic or lung compliance, reduced ability to change thoracic/ lung volume, effect on the mechanics of breathing- pressure gradient smaller, reduced amount of air drawn into lungs during inspiration

22
Q

external respiration

A

in conducting zone: air move down a pressure gradient via bulk flow
respiratory zone: gas moves across respiratory membrane

23
Q

partial pressure gradient for each gas

A

o2 diffuse form alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
co2 diffuse from pulmonary capillaries to alveoli
gas exchange is also influenced by how soluble the gas is in water
co2 is 20x more soluble in water than o2

24
Q

structural characteristics of respiratory membrane

A

diffusion efficiency depends on width and SA

25
Q

matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion = ventilation perfusion coupling

A

good ventilation, high o2 in alveoli, arterioles dilate increase blood flow, facilitate o2 pick up
high blood pco2, bronchioles dilate, air flow increases, excess co2 removed from blood

26
Q

internal respiration

A

partial pressure gradients for each gas
o2 diffuses from blood to tissues
co2 fiddles from tissues to blood
co2 20x more soluble in water than o2

27
Q

oxygen transport

A

oxygen poorly soluble in water however RBC and HB are highly adapted for o2 transport
Hb binds to o2 reversibly
at alveoli; -> Po2,

28
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased o2 at tissue
cyanosis- blue tinge to skin and mucosa
causes too few RBC or decreased Hb
blood circulation is reduced/ blocked

29
Q

co2 transport

A

co2 is waste product and is transported by dissolving in plasma, bound to Hb and bicarbonate ions in plasma

30
Q

plasma pH

A

reaction occurs inside RBC as part of co2 transport
and in the plasma as a buffer to control pH
carbon dioxide+ water= carbonic acid= hydrogen + bicarbonate ion

31
Q

pH or Pco2 rises

A

increased pco2 causes ph to decrease

increased pH causes pco2 to decrease

32
Q

pco2 or pH falls

A

creased pco2 casques ph to increase

decreased ph causes pco2 to increase

33
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathe out more co2= blood pH

34
Q

hypoventilation

A

co2 accumulates= -> co2
reaction favours right hand side
->H ion levels causing

bioscience (10 decks)

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