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Histopathology > Histopathology P2 > Flashcards

Histopathology P2 Flashcards

1
Q 
Best for Preserving Embryos and glycogen containing tissues/cells.
*
Chromic acid
Moller's fluid
Orth's fluid
Potassium dichromate
Bouin's solution
None of the above
A

Bouin’s solution

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2
Q 
Fixative ideal for Bone marrow specimens:
*
10% Neutral buffered formalin
10% Formol- saline
Formol corrosive
B5 fixative
Zenker- Formol
none of the above
A

B5 fixative

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3
Q 
Fixative best and ideal for pituitary glands,  bone marrow and blood containing organs.
*
10% Neutral buffered formalin
10% Formol- saline
Formol corrosive
B5 fixative
Zenker- Formol
none of the above
A

Zenker- Formol

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4
Q 
Preserves carbohydrates
*
Chromic acid
Moller's fluid
Orth's fluid
Potassium dichromate
Bouin's solution
None of the above
A

Chromic acid

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5
Q

Why is the concentration of a fixative very important in properly preserving the tissue.
*
Too high of a concentration will cause hardening of the wall of the tissue making penetration insufficient .
Too low of a concentration will cause the fixative to be exhausted before it can fix all parts of the tissue.
Both are true.
Only the first choice is true.

A
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6
Q 
Fixation in Histopathology is under what category of fixation process?
*
Immersion
Perfusion
Heat fixation
A
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7
Q 
Fixative ideal for Central nervous system tissus/specimen:
*
10% Neutral buffered formalin
10% Formol- saline
Formol corrosive
B5 fixative
Zenker- Formol
none of the above
A

10% Formol- saline

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8
Q 
Best for Preserving chromatin and other mitotic figures
*
Chromic acid
Moller's fluid
Orth's fluid
Potassium dichromate
Bouin's solution
None of the above
A
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9
Q

Fixation Is a method in which prevents the tissue from putrefication and autolysis, putrefication is the same as autolysis. True or false.
*
TRUE
FALSE

A
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10
Q 
Fixative known as the best general tissue fixative.
*
10% Neutral buffered formalin
10% Formol- saline
Formol corrosive
B5 fixative
Zenker- Formol
none of the above
A
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11
Q 
Fixative that contains mercuric chloride:
*
10% Neutral buffered formalin
10% Formol- saline
Formol corrosive
B5 fixative
Zenker- Formol
none of the above
A

Zenker- Formol

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good fixative?
*
It ca penetrate the tissue rapidly.
It hardens the tissue.
It renders the tissue sensitive to subsequent treatment .
All of the above are good qualities.

A

It renders the tissue sensitive to subsequent treatment .

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13
Q 
Best for Preserving mitochondria
*
Chromic acid
Moller's fluid
Orth's fluid
Potassium dichromate
Bouin's solution
None of the above
A

Potassium dichromate

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14
Q 
One of the important effects of Fixation is hardening of the tissues. What is the reason behind this mechanism.
*
Coagulation of the blood cells.
Coagulation of proteins.
Coagulation of carbohydrates.
A

Coagulation of proteins.

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15
Q 
Best for Preserving Rickettsia infected tissues and necrotic tissue
*
Chromic acid
Moller's fluid
Orth's fluid
Potassium dichromate
Bouin's solution
None of the above
A

Orth’s fluid

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16
Q 
Clearing agent recommended for CNS , smooth muscles and skin.
*
Toluene
Xylene
Cedarwood oil
Lampwood oil
A

Cedarwood oil

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17
Q 
Which of the ff. agents/substances are explosives:
*
Dioxane
Silver salts
Picric acid
Sodium azide
all of the above
none of the above
A
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18
Q 
Most common dehydrating agent used in routine histopath laboratory
*
Isopropyl
Ethanol
Methanol
A
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19
Q

What is the purpose of the clearing phase?
*
To remove excess water from dehydration step.
To remove the dehydrating agent used in the previous step.
To remove xylene and prep the tissue for impregnation.

A
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20
Q

Dehydrating the tissues is essential to remove any water molecule that will hinder the impregnation of wax. Dehydration involves:
*
Placing the tissue samples in decreasing concentration of alcohol.
Placing the tissue samples in increasing concentration of alcohol.
Placing the tissue samples in alternating high and low concentrations of alcohol.

A
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21
Q 
Commonly used clearing agent
*
Toluene
Xylene
Cedar oil
Paraffin
A

Xylene

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22
Q 
Of the three steps previously mentioned, which is the most important.
*
FIXATION
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
A
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23
Q 
How many changes of paraffin for impregnation to be efficient?  (minimum)
*
1
2
3
4
A

2

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24
Q

If you are dealing with a soft tissue, what will be the necessary adjustments with regards to wax melting point.
*
Use a high melting point wax.
Use a low melting point wax.

A

Use a low melting point wax.

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25
Q

What is the ultimate goal of IMPREGNATION ?
*
To give a hard and crisp consistency to tissues prior to cutting.
To fill in the empty cavities of the tissue making it stable ready for cutting.
To remove the extra xylene which will interfere with the reaction later.

A

To fill in the empty cavities of the tissue making it stable ready for cutting.

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26
Q 
Commonly used Embedding media for brain specimens is
*
Cedarwood
Paraffin
Celloidin
Dextrin
A

Celloidin

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27
Q 
Paraffin is regarded as one of the essentials in a histopathology lab, as an embedding and impregnating media which of the ff. characteristics is NOT true about paraffin.
*
It is the simplest embedding media.
Most common embedding media.
The best embedding media.
All of the above are true.
A

All of the above are true.

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28
Q 
What process is at fault when clearing agent turns milky upon contact with tissue.
*
All of the process
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
A

Dehydration

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29
Q 
Classify what type of fixative :  B5 Fixative
*
Aldehyde fixatives
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Chromate fixatives
Picric acid fixatives
None of the choices
A

Mercuric chloride fixatives

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30
Q 
Simplest micrtome:
*
Rocking microtome
Sliding microtome
Freezing microtome
Rotary microtome
A

Rocking microtome

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31
Q 
It is the simplest among all types of microtome. Invented by Trefall.
*
Rotary microscope
Rocking microscope
Base sledge microscope
A

Rocking microscope

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32
Q 
Classify what type of fixative :  Heidenhain's SuSa
*
Aldehyde fixatives
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Chromate fixatives
Picric acid fixatives
None of the choices
A

Mercuric chloride fixatives

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33
Q 
Microtome used for electron microscopy:
*
Rocking microtome
Ultrathin microtome
Cryostat
A
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34
Q 
Classify what type of fixative :  Zenker's - formol
*
Aldehyde fixatives
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Chromate fixatives
Picric acid fixatives
None of the choices
A
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35
Q

The removal of gross nicks in microtome knives.
*
Honing
Stropping

A

Honing

36
Q 
Incomplete clearing wll ake the tissue :
*
Brittle
Opaque
Macerated
None of the above
A

Opaque

37
Q 
Most commonly used fixative for exfoliative cytology:
*
95% Ethyl alcohol
Formol-saline
B5 fixative
NBF
A

Formol-saline

38
Q 
Classify what type of fixative :  Orth's fluid
*
Aldehyde fixatives
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Chromate fixatives
Picric acid fixatives
None of the choices
A

Chromate fixatives

39
Q 
Which of the ff. can cause tissue brittleness.
*
prolonged fixation
prolonged dehydration
prolonged clearing
prolonged wax infiltration
All of the above
None of the above
A

AOTA

40
Q 
Freezing Microtome is invented by:
*
Trefall
Minot
Queckett
A

Queckett

41
Q 
Sliding microtome is best used for what type of sections?
*
Celloidin
Paraffin
Biowax
A

Celloidin

42
Q 
Classify what type of fixative :  10% Neutral buffered formalin
*
Aldehyde fixatives
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Chromate fixatives
Picric acid fixatives
None of the choices
A

Aldehyde fixatives

43
Q 
It is the MOST COMMON among all types of microtome. Invented by Minot.
*
Rotary microscope
Rocking microscope
Base sledge microscope
A

Rotary microscope

44
Q

The removal of gross burrs in microtome knives.
*
Honing
Stropping

A

Stropping

45
Q 
Which of the ff. are honing stones for sharpening knives for microtomy:
*
Arkansas
Belgium yellow
Fine carborundum
All of the above
none of the above
A

AOTA

46
Q

Fixation is most commonly done and best done in what temperature
conditions:

above 30 degrees celsius
20-24 degrees celsius
in an airconditioned room with temperature below 15 degrees celsius

A

20-24 degrees celsius

47
Q

Why is the brain suspended in 10% buffered formalin for a week to ensure complete fixation?

The brain is full of protein bonds that is hard to sever.
The brain is soft and needs further hardening.
No, the brain should not be soaked because it might cause the tissue to degrade.

A

The brain is soft and needs further hardening.

48
Q

Formalin diffues into tissue at the rate of approximately 1 mm per hour
and speeds up further as it goes deeper into the tissue.

true
False

A

False

49
Q

Brain cells deteriorate very quickly ; Bone marrow continues to undergo mitosis up to 30 mins after death when refrigerated.

Both statement are False.
Both statement are True.
Only the first statement is true.

A

Both statement are True.

50
Q

Which of the following is an example of an Aldehyde fixative? *

Formaldhyde
Glutaraldehyde
Both

A

Both

51
Q

Presence of blood can affect the fixation rate and quality of fixation in tissues, how do we prevent it:

By washing with NSS
By washing with water
By washing with Formaldehyde

A

By washing with NSS

52
Q

Presence of mucus can affect the fixation rate and quality of fixation in
tissues, how do we prevent it:

By washing with NSS
By washing with water
By washing with Formaldehyde

A

By washing with NSS

53
Q

Which of the following is used for washing out. (Removing excess fixative in tissue)

Tap water
50-70% ALCOHOL
Alcoholic Iodine
All of the above

A

All of the above

54
Q

In fixing nuclear materials such as DNA and RNA what considerations must be taken:

Cooling the fixative at -5 to 4 C to facililate uncoiling.
Heating the fixative at 45-65 C to faciliatate uncoiling.

A

Heating the fixative at 45-65 C to faciliatate uncoiling.

55
Q

Which of the following is an example of a nuclear fixative?

Newcomer’s fluid
Formaldehyde
Lead fixatives
All of the above

A

Newcomer’s fluid

56
Q

This serves as the link or bridge between tissue and the dye:

Accentuator
Mordant
Dye enhancer

A

Mordant

57
Q

This hastens and speed up the staining reaction, does not participate or is essential in the staning to occur

Accentuator
Mordant
Dye enhancer

A

Accentuator

58
Q

Best vital dye:

Janus green
Trypan blue
Neutral red

A

Neutral red

59
Q

Recommended for Mitochondria:

Janus green
Trypan blue
Neutral red

A

Janus green

60
Q

Color of Nuclei after H and E staining .

Dark blue
Blue
Pale pink

A

Blue

61
Q

Color of Karyosome after H and E staining

Dark blue
Blue
Pale pink

A

Dark blue

62
Q

Color of Cytoplasm after H and E staining

Dark blue
Blue
Pale pink

A

Pale pink

63
Q

Hematoxylin is a natural dye derived from a core of a tree in Mexico

true
False

A

true

64
Q

Basic cell structures have an affinity for the acid dye ions and are regarded as:

Basophilic
Acidophilic
Netrophiles

A

Acidophilic

65
Q

Acidic cell structures have an affinity for the basic dye ions and are regarded as;

Basophilic
Acidophilic
Netrophiles

A

Basophilic

66
Q

Exfoliative cytology is study of cells that have been shed or removed from the epithelial surface of various organs, the collection of specimen for Exfoliative cytology must be :

From natural sheddings and turnover of cells only.
From scrapings and manual Dermabrasion only.
From natural or artificial means of cellular shedding,

A

From natural or artificial means of cellular shedding,

67
Q

Gynaecologicaland non-gynaecological materials may be stained separately to avoid contamination,

true
false

A

true

68
Q

Significant muscle mass eg. sternocleidomastoid, while fixing the lesion must be avoided during FNAB/FNAC Procedure because:

It can be painful
Muscle tends to plug the needle tip, preventing further material from entering theneedle.
Both choices above are correct
None of the above

A

Both choices above are correct

69
Q

For cytological evaluation of the bladder what considerations for the specimen must be met:

First morning urine of at least 60 ml
Mid stream clean catch of at least 60 ml
three morning samples of urine (each of 50 - 100 ml) obtained on consecutive days.

A

three morning samples of urine (each of 50 - 100 ml) obtained on consecutive days.

70
Q

What is the important thing to note when a serous fluid sample is received in the laboratory.

The name of the delivering personnel.
The color and volume of the fluid.
The preservative and tube used for collecting the fluid.

A

The color and volume of the fluid.

71
Q

Refer to image: Microscopic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealing the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in hemorrhagic background. What are the fixatives or ragents used to get rid of the Red blood cells?

PAS stain
Giemsa stain
Formladehyde buffered
Carnoy’s fixative

A

Carnoy’s fixative

72
Q

The correct fluid stated above is used to lyse RBCs in haemorrhagic fluids. Alternatively glacial aceticacid alone , what are the characteristics of the said reagents?

Hypotonic
Hypertonic
RBC lysis agents
Isotonic

A

Hypertonic

73
Q

The quality of sputum is determined using Bartlett’s Criteria by considering the score of squamous epithelial cells (SEC), pus cell
(neutrophils) and macroscopy. For squamous epithelial cells, the score
is 0 if SEC is :

Less than 10.
10 to 25
Greater than 25.

A

Less than 10.

74
Q

Bronchial brushings are obtained using what method: *

brushings and aspirations
direct smear by pull technique
washings and asppiration

A

direct smear by pull technique

75
Q

Smears should never be allowed to dry before placing the coverslip:

False, smears should be dry first or the stain will not color the cells.
True, it should always be wet.

A

True, it should always be wet.

76
Q

Refer to an image of a pap smear slide below: Choose which pair below is incorrect

Erythrocytes : Orange-red
Nuclei : Blue
Acidophilic cells : Red
Acidophilic cells : Blue

A

Acidophilic cells : Blue

77
Q

Why is Bismarck brown omitted in most pap stain procedure?

It stains nothing
It acts as a counterstain
It changes the pH of the staining solution

A

It stains nothing

78
Q

What type of spatula is recommended in collecting specimens for Pap smear

Wooden
Stainless steel
Platic

A

Wooden

79
Q

The transformation zone in which an area of changing cells, and it is the most common place on the cervix for abnormal cells to develop. What
area/color is represented by the T zone?

Red
Green
Blue

A

Green

80
Q

Image below is taken from a young woman. Navicular cells are identified, this gives us a hint that the patient is :

On early menopause
Pregnant
Might develop cervical cancer soon

A

Pregnant

81
Q

Ameboid movement of the leukocytes are made possible by what cellula microtstructure?

microvilli
pseupodia
mitochondria
tubules

A

pseupodia

82
Q

Chemotactic substances are proteins that attracts leukocytes to the site of injury or action. Which of the following substances below coats an antigen/
pathogen to be tagged for destruction.

Chemotactic substances
Opsonins
Antibodies
Neutrophils

A

Opsonins

83
Q

Diapedesis is a process by which leukocytes pass through capillary walls to reach the infected tissue or inflammation; Diapdesis is otherwise known as:

Extravasation
Extravacation
Extrusion
Evacuation

A

Extravasation

84
Q

Which of the following decriptions below satisfy the term leukocyte margination:

  • the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
  • movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
  • white blood cells migrate toward the vessel walls in blood flow.
  • none of the above
A
  • white blood cells migrate toward the vessel walls in blood flow.
85
Q

Why does the blood vessels constrict during inflammation/bleeding?

to decrease blood loss
to increase blood loss
to increase the concentration of substances needed for repair.
none of the above

A

to decrease blood loss

Histopathology (14 decks)

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