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COT 1 (WPH) > 1.4 & 2.1 functional ultrastructure & cell bio > Flashcards

1.4 & 2.1 functional ultrastructure & cell bio Flashcards

1
Q

T/F most epithelial cells have a basal membrane

A

false - All epithelial cells have a basement membrane

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2
Q

“adluminal” signifies

A

apical – toward the lumen

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3
Q

“abluminal” signifies

A

basal – away from the lumen

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4
Q

this cell surface specialization “beats,” and has a motile function

A

cilia

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5
Q

is connective tissue composed of cells or extracellular matrix?

A

both

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6
Q

why is “stereocilia” a misnomer

A

because they are not the same as cilia – they do not beat and have no motile function, only absorptive

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7
Q

this cell surface specialization functions to increase surface area for absorption but is too small to be resolved on LM

A

microvilli

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8
Q

what are goblet cells

A

glandular, simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus

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9
Q

what prominent cell type can be found in a tracheal section but not an esophageal section?

A

cartilage

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10
Q

skeletal muscle fibers are “syncytia,” which means that they

A

are formed from several individual cells joining together during development

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11
Q

2 ways to tell smooth and skeletal muscle apart

A
  • smooth muscle isn’t striated (less orderly actin/myosin filaments)
  • smooth muscle has central nuclei vs skeletal muscle’s nuclei squished to the side of the cell
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12
Q

how can you tell glands and blood vessels apart?

A

glands are often ciliated and have thicker, more columnar epithelia vs blood vessels’ simple squamous epithelia

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13
Q

on LM, the basal lamina can only be seen as the _.

on EM, the basal lamina can be seen as the _, _ and _.

A
  • basement membrane

- lamina lucida, lamina densa, lamina reticularis

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14
Q

lamina lucida

A

attached to basal cell

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15
Q

what does the “unit membrane” refer to

A

just an older term for “plasma membrane” of a cell

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16
Q

the two inner faces of a membrane lipid bilayer are called…

A
  • the P-face (protoplasmic)

- the E-face (ectoplasmic

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17
Q

freeze fracture technique

A

freeze tissues and crack apart – cracks along hydrophobic domains of cell membranes (only parts that are not frozen) exposing hydrophobic areas of membranes

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18
Q

an important protein-sugar functional extension of the cell surface is called

A

glycocalyx

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19
Q

site of lipid/steroid production

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

site of protein packaging & addressing

A

golgi

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21
Q

on H&E, mitochondria stains…

A

eosinophilic

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22
Q

basal striations

A

folds in a membrane to increase surface area

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23
Q

endocytosis

A

uptake of substances from extracellular space

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24
Q

phagocytosis

A

uptake & digestion of extracellular substances

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25
Q

pinocytosis

A

cellular uptake of water, ions, and small substances

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26
Q

endosome

A

vesicle of endocytosis

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27
Q

vesicles designed to break down fatty acids through oxygenation

A

peroxisomes

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28
Q

vesicles for phagocytosis containing hydrolase enzymes

A

lysosome

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29
Q

difference between peroxisome and lysosome

A
  • peroxisome breaks down fatty acid via oxygenation

- lysosome contains hydrolase enzymes

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30
Q

undigestible remnants of metabolic processes that accumulate in celles

A

residual bodies

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31
Q

what ion and protein can regulate exocytotic fusion with the cell membrane?

A

Ca++ and SARE proteins

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32
Q

3 elements of cytoskeleton

A
  • thin filaments (actin)
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
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33
Q

this cell cytoskeleton filament generally sits beneath the membrane and functions in motility, flxibility, and transmission of force across and between cells

A

thin filaments (actin)

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34
Q

this cell cytoskeleton filament forms a scaffolding and maintains shape of the cell

A

intermediate fliaments

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35
Q

this cell cytoskeleton filament forms a transport network in the cell

A

microtubules

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36
Q

intermediate filaments include these 3 proteins among others

A

desmins, keratins, vimentins

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37
Q

microtubules radiate out from the…

A

microtubule organizing center MTOC

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38
Q

a microtubule organizing center MTOC is organized around…

A

a pair of centrioles

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39
Q

MTOCs are referred to as ___ during cell division

A

centrosomes

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40
Q

what are the 4 cell junction types

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • adhering junctions
  • gap junctions
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41
Q

desmosome (latin name)

A

macula adherens (adhering spot - spot weld)

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42
Q

what kind of proteins comprise desmosomes

A

cadherin proteins on surface bound to cytoskeletal keratin intracellularly

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43
Q

junction that appears in EM as a roundish density centered over the membranes of two adjacent cells

A

desmosome

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44
Q

cadherins comprise what kind of cell connection

A

desmosome

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45
Q

when cadherin proteins bind a cell to connective tissue, the junction is called…

A

a hemidesmosome

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46
Q

latin name for adhering junctions

A

zonula adherens

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47
Q

macula adherens is the latin name for

A

desmosome (adhering spot, “spot weld”)

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48
Q

gap junction

A

electically conductive channel between neighboring cells fomed by transmembrane connexin proteins

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49
Q

which cell junction is composed of transmembrane connexin proteins?

A

gap junction

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50
Q

desmins, keratins, and vemintins are examples of proteins that make up what kind of cytoskeletal element?

A

intermediate filaments

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51
Q

what type of cytoskeletal filaments do desmosomes bind to intracellularly?

A

intermediate filaments (keratin)

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52
Q

are most proteins found on the E-face or the P-face of the cell membrane?

A

P-face – tells us that most anchors are intracellular

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53
Q

what kind of proteins comprise gap junctions?

A

connexins

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54
Q

connexins comprise what kind of cell junction?

A

gap junctions

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55
Q

what cytoskeletal filaments do adhering junctions connect to?

A

actin (thin filaments)

56
Q

what cytoskeletal filaments do zonula adherens connect to?

A

actin (thin filaments)

57
Q

latin name for tight junctions

A

zonula occludins

58
Q

what kind of cell junction binds cells together for transmitting force?

A

zonula adherens (adhering junction)

59
Q

what kind of cell junction binds cells together for transmitting electrochemical signals?

A

gap junctions

60
Q

what kind of cytoskeletal filaments do gap junctions connect to?

A

none

61
Q

what kind of transmembrane proteins compose tight junctions?

A

claudins and occludins

62
Q

claudins and occludins make up what kind of cell junctions?

A

tight junctions

63
Q

cadherins - what junction
connexins - what junction
claudins - what junction
occludins - what junction

A

cadherins - desmosomes and adhering junctions
connexins - gap junctions
claudins - tight junctions
occludins - tight junctions

64
Q

adhering junctions are composed of…

A

cadherins connected to thin filaments

65
Q

desmosomes are composed of

A

cadherins connected to intermediate filaments

66
Q

adhering junctions and desmosomes are both made of cadherins but one binds to __ and the other binds to __

A 
desmosomes = cadherins + intermediate filaments
adherens = cadherins + actin filaments
67
Q

what type of junction is usually located most apically?

A

tight junctions

68
Q

a junctional complex consists of…

A

tight junctions, adhering junctions, and desmosomes

69
Q

a hemidesmosome is…

A

a desmosome (cadherins + intermediate filaments) that connect cell to connective tissue

70
Q

where is a junctional complex found… apically or basally?

A

toward the apical end of the cell

71
Q

large amounts of what kind of organelle can give a cell a more eosinophilic stain?

A

mitochondria

72
Q

In epithelia, an apical cell surface specialization that usually functions to move material along the surface is called

A

cilia

73
Q

axoneme

A

the core of the cilium with, characteristic “9 doublets + 2 central” arrangement of microtubules

74
Q

the core of the cilium, with characteristic “9 doublets + 2 central” arrangement of microtubules, is called

A

an axoneme

75
Q

cilia insert into the cell body in structures called…

A

basal bodies, that consist of “9 triplets + 0” microtubules”

76
Q

basal bodies, that consist of “9 triplets + 0” microtubules,” are the structures that insert this cell surface specialization into the cell body

A

cilia

77
Q

what cell surface specialization has a characteristic “9 doublet + 2 central” microtubule core

A

cilia

78
Q

the core of a microvillus consists of

A

longitudinally arranged f-actin, which is inserted into the actin of the cytoskeleton in an area called the terminal web

79
Q

this cell surface specialization has an absorptive function and has a core of longitudinally arranged f-actin inserted into the cytoskeleton at the terminal web

A

microvilli

80
Q

the microvilli border found in the kidney is called the…

A

brush border

81
Q

the brush border is composed of This cell surface specialization in This organ

A

microvilli in the kidney

82
Q

the microvilli border found in the intestines is called the…

A

striated border

83
Q

the striated border is composed of This cell surface specialization in This organ

A

microvilli in the intestines

84
Q

brush border vs striated boirder

A

brush - microvilli in the kindey

striated - microvilli in the intestine

85
Q

a terminal web anchors what into the cell body

A

microvilli

86
Q

a basal body anchors what into the cell body

A

cilia

87
Q

nuclear pores allow the transport of…

A

RNA and small molecules

88
Q

the nuclear membrane is continuous with this organelle

A

RER rough endoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

in LM, the DNA complex is referred to as __

A

chromatin

90
Q

largely unpacked and lightly appearing chromatin is called __

A

euchromatin

91
Q

tightly packed and dense appearing chromatin is called __

A

heterochromatin

92
Q

does a lightly staining nucleus probably contain euchromatin or heterochromatin?

A

euchromatin (unpacked)

93
Q

does a darkly staining nucleus probably contain euchromatin or heterochromatin?

A

heterochromatin (packed)

94
Q

the site of RNA production is called the __

A

nucleolus

95
Q

the nucleolus is the site of…

A

RNA production

96
Q

where do centromeres bind to chromosomes?

A

bind to center of chromosomes

97
Q

where do a telomeres bind to chromosomes?

A

cap the ends of chromosomes

98
Q

this structure binds to the center of chromosomes and organizes them during cell division

A

centromere

99
Q

this structure caps the ends of chromosomes during cell division

A

telomere

100
Q

this organelle becomes the centrosome and organizes chromosomes during cell division

A

MTOC

101
Q

if n is chromosome number and x is chromosome copies, then the algebraic progression of chromosome number during mitosis is…

A

2n1x
2n2x
2n1x

102
Q

if n is chromosome number and x is chromosome copies, then the algebraic progression of chromosome number during meiosis is…

A

2n1x
2n2x
2n1x
1n1x

103
Q

controlled cell death, involving dissolution of chromosomal material, autodigestion, and lysing, is called…

A

apoptosis

104
Q

apoptosis is designed to minimize…

A

exposure of the lysed cell to the immune system

105
Q

weaker cell-cell adhesions in primitive embryonic epithelia may be made up of proteins including these 3:

A

cadherins, integrins, selectins (also found in adult vasculature, eg white blood cells)

106
Q

cadherins, integrins, and selectins are examples of proteins that may make up weaker cell-cell adhesions found for example in these 2 instances:

A
  • primitive embryonic epithelia

- adult vasculature (eg white blood cells)

107
Q

the “e” in e-cadherin stands for __

A

epithelial

108
Q

a cell freeing itself from adhesions to other cells and lamina, freenig itself to migrate, is undergoing __

A

de-lamination

109
Q

T/F cells in connective tissue are highly connected and therefore their movement is restricted

A

false - connective tissue cells have very little attachement and are free to move

110
Q

an example of “de-lamination” during gastrulation includes…

A

the migration of epiblast cells

111
Q

the layer of extracellular glycolypids that function in part to make the membrane “slippery” is called

A

the glycocalyx

112
Q

T/F the junctional complex encircles entire cell near apical end and is a good indicator of apical/basal polarity

A

true

113
Q

this organelle supplies energy, has its own DNA, and pinches apart to divide

A

mitochondria

114
Q

more mitochondria leads to a deeper ___ stain

A

eosinophilic

115
Q

T/F the “primary cilium”, found in almost all cell types other than blood and bone marrow derived cells, has sensory and motor function

A

true

116
Q

this cytoskeletal organelle has the appearance of perpendicular barrels on EM

A

MTOC

microtubule organizing center

117
Q

this organelle produces diffusable molecules (eg steroid hormones)

A

SER smooth endoplasmic reticulum

118
Q

the rough endoplasmic reticulum RER is for proteins to be packaged and addressed, otherwise proteins will be produced by..

A

free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

119
Q

this organelle functions in protein storing and addressing

A

golgi

120
Q

flagella consist of what type of filament and are related to what other kind of cell surface specialization?

A
  • consist of microtubules

- related to cilium

121
Q

a cell producing antibodies can be identified by these 2 appearances:

A
  • basophilic cytoplasm (lots of RNA & ribosomes)

- clear area on edge of nucleus (golgi for packaging & sending)

122
Q

this organelle contains acid hydrolase enzymes

A

lysosome

123
Q

proteins regulating exocytosis include these 2:

A
  • SNARES

- clathrin coats

124
Q

in __, homologous chromosomes line up next to one another. in __, homologous chromosomes line up across from one another

A
  • metaphase of mitosis - line up next

- metaphase I meiosis - line up across

125
Q

this organelle produces ribosomes

A

nucleolus

126
Q

paneth cells and mast cells are examples of…

A

secretory cells

  • paneth cells may be found with goblet cells in glands of places like the intestine
  • mast cells may be found in connective tissue and play a role in allergies, anaphlaxis, wound healing, and pathogen defense
127
Q

merocrine secretion

A

vesicles fuse with membrane

128
Q

apocrine secretion

A

lipid product is extravisated (mammary gland)

129
Q

halocrine secretion

A

product accumulates in cell and is released by cell lysis (sebacous gland)

130
Q

cytocrine secretion

A

product transfered directly from one cell to another (melanosome)

131
Q

melanosome

A

cell functions in synthesis, transport, and storage of melanin

132
Q

transcytosis

A

object taken up on one side of cell, travels across, and released on other side

133
Q

vesicles fuse with membrane = __ secretion

A

merocrine

134
Q

lipid product is extravisated (mammary gland) = ___ secretion

A

apocrine

135
Q

product accumulates in cell and is released by cell lysis (sebacous gland) = ___ secretion

A

halocrine

136
Q

product transfered directly from one cell to another (melanosome) = ___ secretion

A

cytrocrine

137
Q

object taken up on one side of cell, travels across, and released on other side = ___

A

transcytosis

COT 1 (WPH) (25 decks)

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