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COT 1 (WPH) > 2.3 lecture - cellular pathology - Toth > Flashcards

2.3 lecture - cellular pathology - Toth Flashcards

1
Q

real histological space Must be lined with ___, otherwise the space is artifactual

A

epithelia

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2
Q

in the first 2 weeks of a conceptus, most cell proliferation occurs in what layer?

A

trophoblast

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3
Q

this is the only place you can find co-localized skeletal and smooth muscle

A

muscularis externa layer

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4
Q

the trophoblast is derived from This cell layer of the blastocyst

A

outer cell layer

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5
Q

this is a basophilic dye that stains bases, like nuclei and ribosomes

A

hematoxalin

nucleic “acids” in nucleus are technically “bases” at physiological pH

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6
Q

what makes a ribosome a “basic” cellular structure?

A

ribosomes are ~60% composed of RNA (ribonucleic Acid), but such “acids” will be basic at physiological pH

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7
Q

this is an acidophilic dye that stains acids, like mitochondria and and collagens

A

eosin

mitochondria is acidic because of [H+], think proton pump in e- transfer chain

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8
Q

is collagen acidic or basic?

A

acidic - it stains eosinophilic

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9
Q

what is the principle of an electron microscope stain?

A

e- density

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10
Q

give 2 examples of structures that stain darkly on electron microscopy

A

-chromosomes
-metals
(high e- density stains darkly)

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11
Q

what does a red blood cell look like on electron microscopy?

A

a ~ uniform gray cell - Fe in hemoglobin stains darkly on EM (high e- density)

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12
Q

what are 2 forms of chromatin

A

heterochromatin - tightly coiled DNA

euchromatin - loosely coiled DNA

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13
Q

this is the form of chromatin when it is likely not actively transcribed into RNA nor producing proteins

A

heterochromatin - packed DNA

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14
Q

this is the form of chromatin when it is likely actively transcribing and producing RNA and proteins

A

euchromatin - unpacked DNA

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15
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly coiled “packaged” chromatin - likely not actively transcribed nor producing RNA / proteins

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16
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely coiled “unpacked” chromatin - likely actively being transcribed

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17
Q

process of natural, controlled cell death

A

apoptosis

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18
Q

acute, uncontrolled cell death

A

necrosis

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19
Q

cell division is called

A

mitosis

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20
Q

cells not undergoing mitotic division are in…

A

interphase

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21
Q

word for anything contained within the cell cytoplasm

A

an inclusion

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22
Q

lipid containing molecules of lysosomal digestion are called

A

lipofuscin

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23
Q

the process of adipocytes accumulating naturally in an organ is termed __

A

involution

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24
Q

“involution” means…

A

the process of something turning in upon itself

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25
Q

steatosis is…

A

the pathological retention of lipids within a cell (aka fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration)

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26
Q

the word for the pathological retention of lipids within a cell (aka fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration) is…

A

steatosis

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27
Q

what is the difference between involution and steatosis

A
  • involution = the natural accumulation of adipocytes in an organ
  • steatosis = the pathological accumulation of lipids within a cell
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28
Q

concretions refer to…

A

accumulations of mineralized deposits in an organ

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29
Q

accumulations of mineralized deposits in an organ are termed __

A

concretions

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30
Q

concretions =
involutions =
steatosis =

A
  • concretions = accumulated mineral deposits in an organ
  • involutions = normal accumulation of adipocytes in an organ
  • steatosis = pathological accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm
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31
Q

glycosylated proteins on or associated with the surface of a cell form the __

A

glycocalyx

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32
Q

the study of pathological morphology in cells is called…

A

cellular histopathology

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33
Q

this chromatin structure is a sign of relatively inactive transcriptional process in the cell

A

heterochromatin

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34
Q

this chromatin structure is a sign of relatively active transcriptional process in the cell

A

euchromatin

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35
Q

what are 2 time-points in the lifecycle of a cell lineage that often display heterochromatic nuclei?

A
  • stem cells - may be relatively quiescent compared to differentiating daughter cells
  • adult/terminally differentiated cell - some cells synthesize bulk of needed proteins during differentiation and quiet down as adults
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36
Q

differentiating cells are likely to display what characteristic nuclei?

A

euchromatic - actively transcribing and making proteins

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37
Q

there is less danger of discarded nuclear material bring taken up and recognized by a different cell (e.g. immune response) if the cell undergoes this process

A

apoptosis

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38
Q

T/F an apoptotic cell can be recognized by multiple blobs of strongly heterochromatic material

A

true

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39
Q

why is DNA in apoptosing cells highly heterochromatic?

A

chromosomes are tightly packaged an split apart in the process of apoptosis

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40
Q

an acute hypoxic event, mechanical trauma, and assault by a microorganism are all events that may cause this type of cell death

A

necrosis

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41
Q

necrosis can be recognized in individual cells by…

A
  • deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm

- largely intact and uncondensed nucleus

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42
Q

T/F one is likely to see a few mitotic cells in most normal tissue

A

false - mitosis occurs fairly quickly

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43
Q

the presence of mitotic cells in a slide likely indicates that…

A

many of the cells of that tissue are dividing (either normally or abnormally - e.g. cancer)

44
Q

appearance of a cell in metaphase

A

metaphase plate

45
Q

appearance of a cell in anaphase

A

two v’s of chromosomes being pulled to opposite sides

46
Q

appearance of a cell in telophase

A

daughter cells pinching apart

47
Q

in germ cells, prophase is recognizable because…

A

chromosomal duplication occurs in absence of a nuclear membrane and chromatin is free in the cell

48
Q

this is a general term for anything contained in the cytoplasm

A

inclusion

49
Q

T/F an inclusion can be normal or abnormal

A

true - inclusion is a general term for anything contained in the cytoplasm

50
Q

this is a typical inclusion found in keratinocytes

A

melanin - gives rise to skin color

51
Q

melanin appearing in cells in the dermal connective tissue is an example of

A

an abnormal inclusion requiring an explanation - melanin is usually found in keratinocytes of the epithelium, not dermal connective tissue

52
Q

lipofuscin is…

A

a pigmented lipid, usually formed as a byproduct of a metabolic process, that accumulates because of a lack of a sufficient intracellular mechanism for its metabolism

53
Q

this is a pigmented lipid, usually formed as a byproduct of a metabolic process, that accumulates because of a lack of a sufficient intracellular mechanism for its metabolism

A

lipofuscin

54
Q

T/F lipofuscin is usually found in young cells

A

false - lipofuscin is a pigmented lipid, usually formed as a byproduct of a metabolic process, that accumulates because of a lack of a sufficient intracellular mechanism for its metabolism, and thus usually is found in aged cells

55
Q

an example of a cell type that normally accumulates lipofuscin pigment includes…

A

neurons of the central nervous system - they are retained throughout life and thus normally accumulate lipofuscin

56
Q

lipofuscin accumulation in this organ is a pathological example

A

the liver - hepatocytes of the liver are quickly replaced

57
Q

T/F lipofuscin pigment accumulation in neurons of the CNS is usually pathological

A

false - CNS neurons are retained throughout life and thus normally accumulate lipofuscin

58
Q

T/F lipofuscin pigment accumulation in hepatocytes of the liver is usually pathological

A

true - hepatocytes of the liver are quickly replaced. lipofuscin accumulation normally occurs in aged cells

59
Q

change in cell shape (e.g. cuboidal to columnar or vice versa), change in cell size, or change in staining intensity are all examples of signs of…

A

swelling

60
Q

2 examples of cells that accumulate lipid naturally include:

A
  • adipocytes

- steroid-producing cells

61
Q

2 examples of organs that accumulate lipid-containing cells as a function of age include:

A
  • bone marrow

- thymus

62
Q

“parenchymal” tissue is..

A

the essential & distinctive tissue of an organ

63
Q

the replacement of an organ’s parenchymal tissue with adipose tissue is called __

A

involution

64
Q

involution is…

A

the replacement of an organ’s parenchymal tissue with adipose tissue

65
Q

the classical example of steatosis is…

A

the “fatty liver” - which occurs with chronic alcohol consumption or obesity

66
Q

steatosis indicates

A

deficient or ineffective metabolic process within the cell

67
Q

why is fatty accumulation in the liver usually indicative of a chronic condition?

A

liver cells turnover / regenerate fairly quickly

68
Q

histologically, steatosis has the appearance of…

A

large clear fat accumulations that look like holes in tissue

69
Q

lipids/fats/cholesterol usually stain what color?

A

clear - most dyes/stains are hydrophilic

! careful ! swelling may look similar

70
Q

what is a possible difference in the appearance of fatty accumulation versus swelling?

A
  • fat probably appears as large, clear staining accumulations that look like holes in tissue
  • swelling probably appears as more diffuse, lighter stains rather than large holes…
71
Q

what is a concretion?

A

an accumulation of mineralized substance as a terminal end-product of a metabolic pathway

72
Q

are concretions found intracellularly or extracellularly?

A

both

73
Q

2 examples of organs that normally form concretions include:

A
  • lumen of the prostate (corpora amylacea - “starchy body”)
  • pineal gland (corpora arenacea - “brain sand”)

in both cases, these normal concretions correlate with age

74
Q

corpora amylacea

A

“starchy body” - a normal, age-correlated concretion in the lumen of the prostate

75
Q

corpora arenacea

A

“brain sand” - a normal, age-correlated concretion in the pineal gland

76
Q

why is the “pineal” gland so called?

A

“pineal” = pine cone = the appearance of the tiny gland

77
Q

function of the pineal gland

A

“tiny pine cone” shaped gland in the vertebrate brain. produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions

78
Q

function of the prostate gland

A

secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 50–75% of the volume of the semen. The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm

79
Q

describe the glycocalyx

A

a cloud of glycosylated proteins either inserted into membrane or associated with other proteins bound in the membrane

80
Q

what is the general result of the glycocalyx

A

make the cell surface slippery. first point of interface

81
Q

where in epithelial cells is the glycocalyx typically strong versus weak?

A

strong - membrane facing lumen

weaker - sides attached to adjacent cells or connective tissue

82
Q

T/F strong glycocalyx is not typically found on microvilli

A

false - glycocalyx is strongly apparent in gut and nephric tubules where it takes advantage of the increased surface area of microvilli

83
Q

you will see LM evidence of the glycocalyx in __ stains, especially in these 2 organs

A
  • PAS stains

- gut and nephric tubules, where the glycocalyx is especially apparent due to increased surface area of microvilli

84
Q

development of a strong glycocalyx on inappropriate cell surfaces can contribute to…

A

a cell’s pathological migratory ability (as in some cancerous transformations)

85
Q

cell growth - larger cells

A

hypertrophy

86
Q

cell multiplication - more cells

A

hyperplasia

87
Q

cell wasting away - smaller cells

A

atrophy

88
Q

the opposite of hypertrophy is __

A

atrophy

89
Q

the opposite of atrophy is __

A

hypertrophy

90
Q

when cells grow differently than they should, the term is __

A

dysplasia

91
Q

metaplasia

A

cells of one type are replaced by cells of another type

92
Q

when epithelium of one type is displaced by epithelium of another type, the term is __

A

metaplasia

93
Q

dysplasia

A

cells grow differently than they should

94
Q

hypertrophy

A

cell growth - larger cells

95
Q

hyperplasia

A

cell multiplication - more cells

96
Q

atrophy

A

cell wasting away - smaller cells

97
Q

on EM, a junctional complex is a good indicator of __

A

epithelia

98
Q

“macula” means __

A

“spot”

99
Q

on EM, this cell junction looks like a spot weld,

while this junction looks like a belt

A
  • macula adherens

- zonula adherens

100
Q

“fenestra” is latin for __

A

window

101
Q

what do you call a simple squamous endothelial layer with holes between cells?

A

fenestrated endothelium

102
Q

fenestrated endothelium

A

a simple squamous endothelial layer with holes between cells

103
Q

on EM, stacked, curved membranes making cis and trans faces obvious compose the

A

golgi

104
Q

on EM, steroid producing cells will exhibit these 2 structures

A
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum

- fat droplets

105
Q

why are RBC’s gray on EM?

A

packed with Hb –> Fe - electron dense

COT 1 (WPH) (25 decks)

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