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Biology 2 > Chapter 42 (Questions) > Flashcards

Chapter 42 (Questions) Flashcards

1
Q

The system that allows animals to respond rapidly to their internal and external environment is called the _________ system.

A

nervous

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2
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?

Multiple select question.

Respond to internal stimuli

Speed up chemical reactions

Transmit signals

Trigger responses

Break down chemicals

A

Respond to internal stimuli

Transmit signals

Trigger responses

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3
Q

Specialized cells that communicate with another cell of its kind and other types of cells by chemical and electrical signals are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

neurons

nerves

glia

A

neurons

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4
Q

In vertebrates, the ________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

central

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5
Q

The _________ nervous system consists of all neurons and projections of their cell membranes that are outside of but connect with the ________ nervous system.

A

peripheral and central

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6
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following examples demonstrates the ability of an animal’s nervous system to allow a rapid response to its external environment?

Multiple select question.

Muscle cells enlarging in response to lifting heavy loads

Frogs leaping into the water as a bird approaches

Birds taking to flight with the introduction of a loud noise

The body increasing production of red blood cells when spending time at high altitude

A

Frogs leaping into the water as a bird approaches

Birds taking to flight with the introduction of a loud noise

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7
Q

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are connected by _______, bundles of neurons running through the body.

A

nerves

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8
Q

The functions of the ______ include sensing internal and external stimuli, interpreting signals, transmitting signals, and eliciting responses to those stimuli.

Multiple choice question.

nervous system

muscular system

sensory system

endocrine system

A

nervous system

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9
Q

Animals receive information via their _________ nervous system, and interpret that information in their ________ nervous system

A

peripheral and central

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10
Q

A ______ is a special cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals, whereas a ______ is a structure composed of multiple axons that transmit signals throughout the body.

Multiple choice question.

neuron; receptor

receptor; neuron

neuron; nerve

nerve; neuron

A

neuron; nerve

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11
Q

Nervous systems have two classes of cells. The function of _________ is to carry nerve impulses, whereas the function of ________ is to provide support and protection.

A

neurons; glia or glial cells

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12
Q

Which of the following best describes the dendrites and axons of a neuron?

Multiple choice question.

Neurons have axons and dendrites, both of which extend from the membrane forming elaborate tree-like structures.

Neurons often have single axons and numerous branching extensions called the dendrites.

Neurons often have single dendrites and numerous branching extensions called the axons.

Neurons have a single axon and a single dendrite that may have a few branches.

A

Neurons often have single axons and numerous branching extensions called the dendrites.

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13
Q

In a vertebrate, all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord are parts of the _____.

Multiple choice question.

central nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

peripheral nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Projections arising from the cell body of a neuron that receive chemical and electrical signals from other neurons are called ________

A

dendrites

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15
Q

True or false: The CNS and PNS are connected. This connection allows the PNS to send motor signals from the CNS to the body, and sensory signals from the body back to the CNS.

True false question.
True
False

A

True

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16
Q

The nucleus and other organelles that are necessary for the survival of the neuron are found in the _____.

Multiple choice question.

dendrites

Schwann cells

axons

cell body

A

cell body

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17
Q

Which of the following exemplifies the function of the PNS and CNS, respectively?

Multiple choice question.

Receive signals, stimulate a response

Interpret signals, send signals

Receive signals, interpret signals

Interpret signals, receive signals

A

Receive signals, interpret signals

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18
Q

An extension of the plasma membrane that is involved in sending signals from neurons to neighboring cells is the __________

A

axon or axon terminals

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19
Q

Supporting cells of the nervous system are called _____, and single cells that send and receive signals are called ______.

A

glia; neurons

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20
Q

Glial cells that provide metabolic support for neurons and are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

microglia

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

astrocytes

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

Extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other cells are called __________, and extensions of the neuron that carry signals toward target cells are called ________.

A

dendrites; axons

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22
Q

In vertebrates, the myelin sheath is formed by specialized ______ cells that wrap around certain axons at regular intervals.

Multiple choice question.

glial

blood

stem

epithelial

A

glial

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23
Q

Extensions of the soma that receive chemical and electrical messages are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

axons

glia

dendrites

nerves

A

dendrites

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24
Q

In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, the ________-producing glial cells are called the oligodendrocytes.

A

myelin

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25
Q

The function of the ______ is to receive signals from the ______ and transmit signals through the ______.

Multiple choice question.

dendrites; soma; axons

soma; dendrites; axons

soma; axons; dendrites

axons; dendrites; soma

glia; axons; dendrites

A

soma; dendrites; axons

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26
Q

Specialized glial cells that wrap around the axons traveling outside the human brain and spinal cord to form a myelin sheath are called _________ ____________

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

Projections arising from the cell body that send signals from neurons to nearby cells are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

dendrites

axons

glia

nerves

A

axons

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28
Q

Select all that apply

What are the three main types of neurons?

Multiple select question.

Sensory neurons

Stimulatory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

Inhibitory neurons

Connecting neurons

A

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

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29
Q

______ are glial cells that help to maintain a stable concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid.

Multiple choice question.

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

Microglia

Astrocytes

A

Astrocytes

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30
Q

Sensory neurons are also called ______ neurons because they transmit information from the periphery to the CNS.

A

AFFERENT

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31
Q

A type of glial cell that wraps around the axons to form a myelin sheath in the human brain and spinal cord is _____.

Multiple choice question.

microglia

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

astrocytes

A

oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

In the PNS, ______ wrap around the axons to form the ______.

Multiple choice question.

Schwann cells; myelin sheath

oligodendrocytes; myelin sheath

Schwann cells; central nervous system

oligodendrocytes; central nervous system

A

Schwann cells; myelin sheath

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33
Q

In contrast to motor neurons, sensory neurons have axons that _____.

Multiple choice question.

are short and highly branched

bypass the cell body and project to the CNS

are long to enable them to act on distant cells

do not branch into two main processes

A

bypass the cell body and project to the CNS

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34
Q

Neurons can be divided into three main types: __________ neurons, ________ neurons, and interneurons.

A

sensory and motor neurons

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35
Q

Match the type of neuron to its appropriate description.

sensory neuron
motor neuron
interneuron

Long axon that does not branch into two main processes

Short axons that are highly branched

Long axon that branches into a peripheral process and a central process

A

Sensory and two processes
motor and no branching into two processes
interneuron and short with many branches

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36
Q

Glial cells that provide metabolic support for neurons and are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

microglia

astrocytes

A

astrocytes

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37
Q

Nerve impulses are generated by _____.

Multiple choice question.

changes in phospholipid fluidity in the membrane

rotation of a key molecule in the membrane from a trans- form to a cis-form

absorption of light by a key molecule in the neuron membrane

differences in electrical charge across the membrane

A

differences in electrical charge across the membrane

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38
Q

Which of the following neurons are also known as afferent neurons?

Multiple choice question.

Motor neurons

Interneurons

Sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons

39
Q

The ______ of a neuron is the boundary separating the intracellular and extracellular ionic charges.

Multiple choice question.

plasma membrane

cell body

myelin sheath

glia

A

plasma membrane

40
Q

The ______ is the difference between the electrical charges inside and outside the cell.

Multiple choice question.

action potential

membrane potential

graded potential

resting potential

A

membrane potential

41
Q

Select all that apply

Select all of the following that describe motor neurons.

Multiple select question.

They are efferent neurons.

They have long axons that do not branch.

They transmit signals away from the CNS.

They have an axon that bypasses the cell body.

A

They are efferent neurons.

They have long axons that do not branch.

They transmit signals away from the CNS.

42
Q

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell not sending nerve impulses is _____.

Multiple choice question.

equilibrium potential

resting potential

graded potential

action potential

A

resting potential

43
Q

In neurons, the interior is more negative than the exterior, as in all animal cells. Specifically, the ________ membrane potential of neurons is -70mv.

A

resting

44
Q

Nerve impulses involve changes in the amount of electric charge across a cell’s plasma ________

A

membrane

45
Q

In an animal cell, the inner surface of the plasma membrane is typically rich with ions that have a _________ charge, while the outer surface has ions with a __________ charge.

A

negative and positive

46
Q

The neuron’s plasma membrane _____.

Multiple choice question.

wraps around the axon in successive layers to insulate it

facilitates the passage of neurotransmitters to the interior of the neuron

separates the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell

catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation to generate ATP

A

separates the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell

47
Q

The sodium-potassium pump transports ______ sodium ions ______ the cell for every ______ potassium ions it moves ______ the cell.

Multiple choice question.

two; into; two; out of

three; out of; two; into

three; into; two; out of

two; out of; three; into

A

three; out of; two; into

48
Q

The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell is the ________ potential, whereas the _________ potential is the difference in charge of an unstimulated cell.

A

membrane and resting

49
Q

The sodium-potassium pump will not function unless it gets energy from _________

A

ATP or adenosinetriphosphate

50
Q

What is the resting potential?

Multiple choice question.

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when it is not sending nerve impulses

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell immediately after the peak of a nerve impulse

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell at the peak of a nerve impulse

A

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when it is not sending nerve impulses

51
Q

An electrochemical gradient for an ion is made up of the combined effect of the _________ and ____________ gradients for that ion.

A

electrical and chemical

52
Q

The resting potential of neurons is ______ inside the cell with respect to the extracellular fluid.

Multiple choice question.

70mV

  • 100mV
  • 50mV

100mV

-70mV

A

-70mV

53
Q

The change in membrane potential that occurs when the cell becomes less polarized is called _________

A

depolarization

54
Q

How do ions align along the cell’s membrane?

Multiple choice question.

Positively charged ions align along the outside, and negatively charged ions align along the inside of the cell’s membrane.

Negatively charged ions align along the outside, and positively charged ions align along the inside of the cell’s membrane.

There is an equal number of positively and negatively charged ions inside and outside the cell’s membrane.

Ions do not align along the cell’s membrane.

A

Positively charged ions align along the outside, and negatively charged ions align along the inside of the cell’s membrane.

55
Q

Which of the following would occur as sodium ions move into the cell?

Multiple choice question.

The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more negative than the resting membrane potential.

The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized because it would be slightly less negative than the resting membrane potential.

The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.

The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.

A

The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.

56
Q

The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to help maintain ______ of a cell by actively moving ions across the membrane.

Multiple choice question.

the action potential

the resting potential

the threshold potential

A

the resting potential

57
Q

Depolarizations and hyperpolarizations of the membrane that vary with the strength of a stimulus are called ___________ ___________

A

graded potentials

58
Q

Which of the following best describes how the sodium-potassium pump would be affected by a lack of ATP?

Multiple choice question.

The carrier protein would be able to pump out sodium, but not potassium.

The carrier protein would be able to pump potassium, but not sodium.

The carrier protein would not be affected by a lack of ATP because it depends on electrical charges to function.

The carrier protein used to pump sodium and potassium would not function.

A

The carrier protein used to pump sodium and potassium would not function.

59
Q

Nerve impulses that carry electrical signals along an axon are called _________ potentials.

A

action

60
Q

The combined effect of electrical and chemical gradients is called a(n) __________ gradient.

A

electrochemical

61
Q

True or False: Action potentials are actively propagated along the entire axon.

True false question.
True
False

A

True

62
Q

When the inside of a cell becomes ______ relative to the outside, ______ of the cell membrane is said to occur.

Multiple choice question.

less negative; hyperpolarization

more negative; depolarization

less negative; depolarization

A

less negative; depolarization

63
Q

The two factors affecting the speed of the action potential are ______ and presence or absence of ______.

Multiple choice question.

dendrite diameter; axons

cell body size; sensory neurons

the number of neurons; glia

axon diameter; myelin

A

axon diameter; myelin

64
Q

The membrane is ______ as sodium ions move into the cell because the membrane potential is ______ than the resting membrane potential.

Multiple choice question.

hyperpolarized; less negative

hyperpolarized; more negative

depolarized; less negative

depolarized; more negative

A

depolarized; less negative

65
Q

An insulating layer called the __________ sheath is formed by the wrapping of glial cells and helps to reduce charge leakage across the axon membrane.

A

myelin

66
Q

A(n) ______ is any depolarization or hyperpolarization whose amplitude is proportional to the strength of the stimulus.

Multiple choice question.

graded potential

threshold potential

action potential

equilibrium potential

A

graded potential

67
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons that contain _____.

Multiple choice question.

voltage-gated K+ channels

ligand-gated K+ channels

ligand-gated Na+ channels

voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

68
Q

Which of the following refers to the movement of electrical impulses along the plasma membrane usually occurring in the animal’s axons?

Multiple choice question.

Graded potential

Action potential

Hyperpolarization

Electrical synapse

A

Action potential

69
Q

At a synapse the electrical or chemical signal moves from _____.

Multiple choice question.

axon terminal to next cell body

dendrites to the axon hillock

cell body to the dendrites

axon hillock to axon terminal

A

axon terminal to next cell body

70
Q

An action potential is propagated along the axon with sequential opening of the ______ channels, leading to a ______ from the axon hillock to the axon terminal.

Multiple choice question.

K+; hyperpolarization

Na+; depolarization

Na+; hyperpolarization

K+; depolarization

A

Na+; depolarization

71
Q

The tiny gap that allows a neuron to transmit an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to a target cell, such as a muscle or gland cell, is called a(n) _________

A

synapse

72
Q

Select all that apply

The speed of conduction of the action potential is determined by two factors. What are they?

Multiple select question.

Axon length

Neuron location

Presence of myelin

Membrane thickness

Axon diameter

A

Presence of myelin

Axon diameter

73
Q

Select all that apply

What are the two main types of synapses?

Multiple select question.

Chemical

Ligand-gated

Excitatory

Inhibitory

Electrical

Voltage-gated

A

Chemical

Electrical

74
Q

Which of the following helps to reduce the loss of charge across the axon of a membrane by acting as an insulating layer?

Multiple choice question.

Neuromodulator

Astrocytes

Glia

Myelin

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin

75
Q

A small signaling molecule released from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft is called a(n) _____.

Multiple choice question.

oligodendrocyte

neuron

dendrite

neurotransmitter

A

neurotransmitter

76
Q

Exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons containing many voltage-gated Na+ channels are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

synaptic integrators

synaptic clefts

inactivation gates

nodes of Ranvier

A

nodes of Ranvier

77
Q

A neuron will receive many synapses occurring on its _____.

Multiple choice question.

cell body and myelin

axon and cell body

dendrites and cell body

axon and dendrites

A

dendrites and cell body

78
Q

At the synapse, where a neuron meets a target neuron, the signal will pass from the axon ________ of the presynaptic neuron to the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.

A

terminal

79
Q

Neurotransmitters can be grouped as either _____.

Multiple choice question.

presynaptic or postsynaptic

ion channels or ligand channels

threshold or graded

excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory or inhibitory

80
Q

The junction where a nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell, or gland and can communicate with other cells is called a _____.

Multiple choice question.

resting membrane

neurotransmitter

node of Ranvier

synapse

A

synapse

81
Q

Researchers have identified two types of synapses: _______ and _________

A

chemical and electrical

82
Q

Ionotropic and metabotropic are the two types of _____.

Multiple choice question.

gated channels in the membrane of a neuron

receptors in the presynaptic membrane

action potentials generated by a neuron

receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

A

receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

83
Q

A neurotransmitter is a(n) _____.

Multiple choice question.

cell that wraps around the axon of a neuron and speeds the conduction of nerve impulses

small molecule used to send signals between nerve cells

electrical charge used as a signal sent between cells

nerve impulse that carries signals along an axon

A

small molecule used to send signals between nerve cells

84
Q

The treatment of neurological disorders very often involves therapeutic _________

A

drugs, medications, medicines, or pills

85
Q

A structure that can receive signals from synapses occurring on its dendrites or cell body is a(n) ______

A

neuron

86
Q

The various neurotransmitters are categorized by _____.

Multiple choice question.

method of transport through the cell

size and structure

location within the cell

site of origin

A

size and structure

87
Q

The most common mood disorder(s) is/are _____.

Multiple choice question.

major depressive disorder

bipolar disorder

schizophrenia

dissociative disorders

A

major depressive disorder

88
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following illustrate(s) how recreational drugs produce changes similar to those observed in neurological disorders?

Multiple select question.

Impair lung development

Increase levels of activity

Produce hallucinations

Alter mood

Increase appetite

A

Increase levels of activity

Produce hallucinations

Alter mood

89
Q

There are two major types of postsynaptic membrane receptors. These are called __________ and _________.

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

90
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are two diseases that result in disrupted neural conduction?

Multiple select question.

Congenital hypothyroidism

Gout

Multiple sclerosis

Cystic fibrosis

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

Multiple sclerosis

91
Q

Select all that apply

Neurons that do not function properly can affect _____.

Multiple select question.

mood

behavior

food supply

ability to think

A

mood

behavior

ability to think

92
Q

What percentage of men and women are affected by depression?

Multiple choice question.

25% or less of men and less than 12% of women

Less than 5% of men and more than 25% of women

Less than 25% of men and between 25-50% of women

12% or less of men and between 10-25% of women

A

12% or less of men and between 10-25% of women

93
Q

True or False: Illicit drugs can produce imbalances in neurotransmission similar to that observed in neurological disorders.

True false question.
True
False

A

True

94
Q

Human diseases involving a failure of action potential conduction in neurons are usually due to problems with _____.

Multiple choice question.

myelination

dendrite formation

chloride channels

sodium channels

A

myelination

Biology 2 (61 decks)

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