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Biology 2 > Chapter 48: The Circulatory & Respiratory Systems (Questions/Quiz) > Flashcards

Chapter 48: The Circulatory & Respiratory Systems (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

[Circulatory System Questions Start]

The simplest type of circulation occurs in animals that have a gastrovascular cavity. Apart from that, animals have two basic types of circulatory systems: _________ systems and __________ systems.

A

Blank 1: open

Blank 2: closed

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2
Q

An open circulatory system is found in arthropods such as the honeybee. It consists of one or more contractile ________, which pump a fluid called _________ through open-ended vessels.

A

Blank 1: hearts or heart

Blank 2: hemolymph

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3
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following statements are true about closed circulatory systems?

Multiple select question.

Blood is transported throughout the body in vessels.

Circulatory fluid is pumped under pressure.

Circulating fluid returns to the heart through ostia.

Closed systems can generally repair themselves when injured.

Circulating fluid mixes with interstitial fluid to allow for maximal rates of nutrient diffusion.

A

Blood is transported throughout the body in vessels.

Circulatory fluid is pumped under pressure.

Closed systems can generally repair themselves when injured.

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4
Q

What are the blood vessels which carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

Multiple choice question.

Capillaries

Veins

Arteries

A

Arteries

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5
Q

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the _______.

A

heart

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6
Q

Three types of circulation that exist in animals are open circulatory systems, closed circulatory systems, and ________ cavities.

A

Blank 1: gastrovascular

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7
Q

Which of the following animals have a two-chambered heart, with one atrium and one ventricle?

Multiple choice question.

Birds

Fishes

Crocodiles

Mammals

A

Fishes

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8
Q

Select all that apply

What components are found in the open circulatory system of arthropods and some mollusks?

Multiple select question.

Vessels

Capillaries that connect arterioles to venules

Clotting factors

Heart(s)

Hemolymph

A

Vessels

Heart(s)

Hemolymph

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9
Q

The fluid in a closed circulatory system which remains within vessels is called _________.

A

blood

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10
Q

In a double circulation, ________ and __________ blood are completely separated into two distinct circuits.

A

Blank 1: oxygenated or O2-rich

Blank 2: de-oxygenated, O2-poor, or deoxygenated

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11
Q

In closed circulatory systems, blood is transported away from the heart in vessels called _________.

A

Blank 1: artery or arteries

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12
Q

In terrestrial vertebrates with double circulation, blood that has been oxygenated in the lungs flows to the ______ before it is re-pumped to the rest of the body.

Multiple choice question.

left atrium

pulmonary arteries

brain

left ventricle

A

left atrium

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13
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are called ________.

A

veins

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14
Q

In double circulation which of the following heart chambers pumps the oxygenated blood to the body tissues?

Multiple choice question.

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

A

Left ventricle

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15
Q

The animals in which single circulation is found are ________.

A

Fish

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16
Q

The blood moves nutrients and the gas ______ to all cells, and takes away from them waste products, including the gas __________ and other breakdown products of metabolism.

A

Blank 1: O2 or oxygen

Blank 2: CO2, carbon dioxide, or carbondioxide

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17
Q

Which of the following statements best describes double circulation?

Multiple choice question.

An open circulatory system with two distinct circuits

An open circulatory system with a heart that contains two chambers

A closed circulatory system with a heart that contains two chambers

A closed circulatory system with two distinct circuits

A

A closed circulatory system with two distinct circuits

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18
Q

Which of the following best describes plasma’s role in blood?

Multiple choice question.

Transports only cells

Transports only dissolved substances

Plasma has no significant role in blood

Transports cells and many dissolved substances

A

Transports cells and many dissolved substances

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19
Q

In double circulation, what chamber pumps blood to the lungs?

Multiple choice question.

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Right atrium

A

Right ventricle

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20
Q

Select all that apply

Vertebrate blood is made up of four main components. What are they?

Multiple select question.

Platelets

Plasma

Lymph

Hemolymph

Adipocytes

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

A

Platelets

Plasma

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

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21
Q

In double circulation, deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body tissues first enters the ______.

Multiple choice question.

right ventricle

left ventricle

right atrium

left atrium

A

right atrium

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22
Q

The term erythrocytes refers to ______.

Multiple choice question.

plasma

white blood cells

megakaryocytes

platelets

red blood cells

A

red blood cells

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23
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Multiple choice question.

They are instrumental in the immune response of the animal.

They transport iron throughout the body.

They transport oxygen throughout the body.

They transport dissolved ions, such as Na+ and Cl- throughout the body.

A

They transport oxygen throughout the body.

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24
Q

The transport medium of animals with closed circulatory systems is called the _________.

A

blood

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25
Q

What cells contain large amounts of hemoglobin?

Multiple choice question.

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

Thrombocytes

Platelets

A

Erythrocytes

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26
Q

Select all that apply

Plasma transports which of the following:

Multiple select question.

hormones

cells that transport oxygen

cells of the immune system

proteins

nerve signals

A

hormones

cells that transport oxygen

cells of the immune system

proteins

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27
Q

Match the following terms that relate to the circulatory system with their descriptions/definitions.

Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Plasma
Platelet

Cell fragment involved in blood clotting
Solution of water and solutes
White blood cell
Red blood cell

A

Eryth/Red blood cell

Leukocyte/White blood cell

Plasma/solution

Platelet/Cell fragment

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28
Q

The venae cavae return blood to the _______ atrium, and the pulmonary veins return blood to the ________ atrium.

A

Blank 1: right

Blank 2: left

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29
Q

In the mammalian heart, the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented by the presence of the atrioventricular _________.

A

Valves or AV valves

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30
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are also called ______.

Multiple choice question.

nodes

thrombocytes

myocytes

intercalated discs

A

myocytes

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31
Q

Which of the following is the main protein found in erythrocytes?

Multiple choice question.

Thrombin

Calmodulin

Hemoglobin

Erythropoietin

A

Hemoglobin

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32
Q

The electrical excitation of the vertebrate heart has two phases: _________ and ___________

A

Blank 1: atrial

Blank 2: ventricular

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33
Q

Select all that apply

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

Multiple select question.

Systemic

Cardiac

Systole

Ventricular

Diastole

Atrial

A

Systole

Diastole

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34
Q

The _________ ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, and the _____________ ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk.

A

Blank 1: left

Blank 2: right

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35
Q

Which structure(s) in the mammalian heart prevents the backflow of blood?

Multiple choice question.

Aorta

Valves

Vena cava

Septum

A

Valves

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36
Q

What does an electrocardiogram measure?

Multiple choice question.

Electrical potentials between various points in the body

Blood pressure

Electrical potentials between various chambers in the heart

Ion balance in the heart itself

A

Electrical potentials between various points in the body

Reason: EKG measurements are recorded at the surface of the body and therefore can only measures electrical potentials between different points on the body’s surface.

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37
Q

What are myocytes?

Multiple choice question.

Nerves that stimulate cardiac muscle cells

Valves located between the atria and the ventricles

Cells that compose the endothelium of the blood vessels

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Cardiac muscle cells

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38
Q

Blood flows from arterioles into the smallest blood vessels, which are called ________ and are where gas and nutrient exchange occurs between the blood and surrounding cells.

A

Blank 1: capillaries or capillary

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39
Q

In vertebrates, the electrical excitation of the heart occurs in two phases. What are they called?

Multiple select question.

Myogenic

Ventricular

Atrial

Diastole

Neurogenic

Systole

A

Ventricular

Atrial

Systole and Diastole are referring to the cardiac cycle.

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40
Q

The cardiac cycle has two phases: _________ and ________.

A

Blank 1: diastole

Blank 2: systole

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41
Q

The ______ layer of a blood vessel is one-cell thick and is in contact with the blood.

Multiple choice question.

connective tissue

elastin

smooth muscle

endothelium

A

endothelium

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42
Q

The venae cavae return blood to the ________ atrium, and the pulmonary veins return blood to the _________ atrium.

A

Blank 1: right

Blank 2: left

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43
Q

The blood vessels that deliver blood to the capillaries are _________

A

Blank 1: arterioles or arteriole

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44
Q

A medical test that captures the electrical activity of the heart and is used to investigate the heart function is a(n) ______________.

A

Blank 1: electrocardiogram, ECG, or EKG

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45
Q

Arrange the vessels of the circulatory system in the order in which blood travels through them, beginning at the top with the vessels leaving the heart.

capillaries
arterioles
veins
arteries
venules
A 
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
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46
Q

Capillaries are derived as a result of the branching of ______.

Multiple choice question.

arterioles

arteries

venules

veins

A

arterioles

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47
Q

The electrical excitation of the vertebrate heart has two phases: _________ and __________

A

atrial and ventricular

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48
Q

Which of the following vessels returns blood to the heart from the systemic circulation?

Multiple choice question.

Arterioles

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

A

Veins

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49
Q

The smooth inner lining of arteries, which consists of a single cell layer, is called the ________.

A

Blank 1: endothelium

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50
Q

The tendency of blood vessels to slow down the flow of blood passing through them is called _________.

A

Blank 1: resistance

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51
Q

Arterioles connect ______.

Multiple choice question.

the atria to the ventricles

venules to veins

arteries to capillaries

arteries to veins

A

arteries to capillaries

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52
Q

Poiseuille’s law states that the blood flow through a blood vessel is _______ proportional to the difference in pressure of the blood between the beginning and end of the vessel, and _________ proportional to the resistance created by the vessel.

A

Blank 1: directly

Blank 2: inversely

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53
Q

What is the most important factor in determining resistance within an arteriole?

Multiple choice question.

The length of the arteriole

Blood viscosity within the arteriole

The radius of the arteriole

A

The radius of the arteriole

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54
Q

What term describes the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time?

Multiple choice question.

Systole

Cardiac cycle

Cardiac output

Diastole

A

Cardiac output

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55
Q

After blood leaves a capillary, it enters a(n) _______ and then a larger __________, which returns the blood to the heart.

A

Blank 1: venule or venules

Blank 2: vein or veins

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56
Q

Select all that apply

Cardiovascular disease occurs when which of the following are not functioning properly?

Multiple select question.

Blood vessels

Brain

Heart

Lungs

A

Blood vessels

Heart

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57
Q

Resistance refers to the tendency of blood vessels to ______.

Multiple choice question.

slow down the flow of blood

decrease cardiac output

increase cardiac output

increase the flow of blood

A

slow down the flow of blood

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58
Q

Select all that apply

What are the three variables related by Poiseuille’s law?

Multiple select question.

Blood type

Blood pressure

Blood flow

Resistance

Gravity

A

Blood pressure

Blood flow

Resistance

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59
Q

Narrower vessels have greater frictional _______ to blood flow.

A

Blank 1: resistance

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60
Q

Which of the following conditions/diseases account for the most deaths in the United States?

Multiple choice question.

AIDS

Influenza

All types of cancer combined

Cardiovascular disease

A

Cardiovascular disease

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61
Q

[Respiratory System Questions Start]

The two most prevalent gases in air (together making up approximately 99%) are __________ are __________.

A

Blank 1: nitrogen, N2, or N

Blank 2: oxygen, O2, O, or 02

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62
Q

Air is composed of about ______ O2, ______ N2, and ______ CO2 and other gases.

Multiple choice question.

78%; 1%; 21%

21%; 1%; 78%

1%; 78%; 21%

78%; 21%; 1%

21%; 78%; 1%

A

21%; 78%; 1%

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63
Q

The pressure exerted on animal body surfaces by the gases in air is known as ______ pressure.

Multiple choice question.

dynamic

vapor

atmospheric

hydrostatic

A

atmospheric

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64
Q

As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure

Multiple choice question.

increases.

decreases.

stays the same.

A

decreases.

65
Q

At the top of a high mountain the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude?

Multiple choice question.

380 mm Hg

80 mm Hg

250 mm Hg

760 mm Hg

160 mm Hg

A

80 mm Hg

66
Q

Identify the two major gases in air.

Multiple choice question.

Oxygen and hydrogen

Nitrogen and oxygen

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Nitrogen and carbon dioxide

A

Nitrogen and oxygen

67
Q

Knowing the solubility properties of oxygen in water and air, predict the relative amount of oxygen that can dissolve in equal volumes of water and air.

Multiple choice question.

More oxygen will dissolve in air.

The same amount of oxygen will dissolve in water and air.

More oxygen will dissolve in water.

A

More oxygen will dissolve in air.

68
Q

The solubility of a gas in water is ______.

Multiple choice question.

generally higher in cold water than in warm water

the same regardless of the water temperature

generally higher in warm water than in cold water

A

generally higher in cold water than in warm water

69
Q

Although it is almost imperceptible, gases in the air exert _________ on surfaces, including the bodies of animals.

A

Blank 1: pressure

70
Q

The set of structures that allows an animal to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body is called a(n) __________ _________.

A

Blank 1: respiratory

Blank 2: system

71
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude?

Multiple choice question.

Pressure increases as altitude increases.

Pressure is constant regardless of altitude.

Pressure decreases as altitude decreases.

Pressure decreases as altitude increases.

A

Pressure decreases as altitude increases.

72
Q

The four major types of gas-exchange organs found in different types of animals are: the body surface, tracheae, _________, and __________.

A

Blank 1: gills or gill

Blank 2: lungs or lung

73
Q

Which of the following represents the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?

Multiple choice question.

160 mmHg

760 mmHg

460 mmHg

360 mmHg

660 mmHg

A

160 mmHg

74
Q

In invertebrates such as cnidarians and platyhelminthes, O2 and CO2 are brought into the organism by ______.

Multiple choice question.

a system of trachea and tracheoles

very primitive lungs that lack bronchi

transport across internal or external gills

direct diffusion across the body surface

A

direct diffusion across the body surface

75
Q

The solubility of oxygen in water is ______ its solubility in air.

Multiple choice question.

higher than

the same as

lower than

A

lower than

76
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following factors influence the solubility of a gas in water?

Multiple select question.

Temperature of the water

Partial pressure of the gas

Shape of the container of water

The identity of the gas

Presence of other solutes

A

Temperature of the water

Partial pressure of the gas

The identity of the gas

Presence of other solutes

77
Q

A respiratory system is all of the structures of an animal that contribute to the exchange of _________ and ___________ between the external environment and cells of the body.

A

Blank 1: oxygen or O2

Blank 2: CO2, carbondioxide, or carbon dioxide

78
Q

Which of the following animals is most likely to utilize the skin as a respiratory organ?

Multiple choice question.

Frog

Alligator

Seal

Shark

Snake

A

Frog

79
Q

Select all that apply

Different species of animals can utilize various organs to obtain oxygen. Which of the following organs play such a role?

Multiple select question.

Gills

Flame cells

Kidneys

The body surface

Lungs

Tracheae

A

Gills

The body surface

Lungs

Tracheae

80
Q

Invertebrates which are only one or several layers thick depend upon which process to occur at their body surface for the exchange of gases?

Multiple choice question.

Active transport

Bulk flow

Diffusion

Osmosis

A

Diffusion

81
Q

Extensions of the body surface of many aquatic animals that play a role in the exchange of gases are __________.

A

Blank 1: gills, internal gills, external gills, or gill

82
Q

Knowing the solubility properties of oxygen in water and air, predict the relative amount of oxygen that can dissolve in equal volumes of water and air.

Multiple choice question.

More oxygen will dissolve in water.

More oxygen will dissolve in air.

The same amount of oxygen will dissolve in water and air.

A

More oxygen will dissolve in air.

83
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are mechanisms used by fishes to ventilate their gills?

Multiple select question.

Actively drawing water in through the mouth and out the operculum

Facing into a current of water while resting, but keeping the mouth open

Continuously waving the operculum back and forth while swimming

Swimming with the mouth open so that water continually moves across the gills

A

Actively drawing water in through the mouth and out the operculum

Facing into a current of water while resting, but keeping the mouth open

Swimming with the mouth open so that water continually moves across the gills

84
Q

The vertebrates which have skin that is highly permeable to gases and can obtain significant amounts of oxygen across it are the _________. Most other vertebrates are unable to use the skin as a respiratory surface.

A

Blank 1: amphibians, frogs, or amphibian

85
Q

Insects use tubes called _______ for respiration.

A

Blank 1: tracheae

86
Q

Exchange of gases occurs in ______ when air is brought into them, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be removed.

Multiple choice question.

lungs

lamellae

tracheae

gills

A

lungs

87
Q

Specialized respiratory structures found mostly in aquatic animals are known as ______.

Multiple choice question.

gills

tracheae

lungs

nephridia

A

gills

88
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism employed by MOST terrestrial vertebrates?

Multiple choice question.

Positive pressure filling

Countercurrent exchange

Crosscurrent exchange

Negative pressure filling

A

Negative pressure filling

89
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are components of the mammalian respiratory system?

Multiple select question.

Larynx

Tracheoles

Spiracles

Bronchi

Nose

Diaphragm

Gills

Lamellae

A

Larynx

Bronchi

Nose

Diaphragm

90
Q

Fishes can ventilate their gills in several ways. One way involves actively drawing water in through the ______ and out the ______ over the gills.

Multiple choice question.

skin; operculum

mouth; spiracle

mouth; operculum

skin; spiracle

A

mouth; operculum

91
Q

Each lung in humans is encased in a(n) _______ sac which protects it.

A

Blank 1: pleural

92
Q

Which of the following breathing structures is found in insects?

Multiple choice question.

External gills

Tracheae

Internal gills

Lungs

A

Tracheae

93
Q

In the ventilation mechanism known as _________ _________ __________, air is drawn into the lungs when the volume of the lungs expands and the pressure drops.

A

Blank 1: negative
Blank 2: pressure
Blank 3: filling

94
Q

In air-breathing vertebrates, exchange of gases occurs in the _________ when air is brought into them, allowing O2 to diffuse across the respiratory surface into the blood and CO2 to diffuse out.

A

Blank 1: lungs or alveoli

95
Q

The contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm increases the volume of the lungs and lowers their internal pressure, allowing them to fill with air by the process called ______.

Multiple choice question.

positive pressure filling

ram ventilation

negative pressure filling

buccal pumping

A

negative pressure filling

96
Q

Most terrestrial vertebrates ventilate lungs using _______ pressure filling.

A

negative

97
Q

The type of ventilation that occurs when the external medium moves in and out of the respiratory chamber via the same route is called:

Multiple choice question.

ram

buccal

crosscurrent

tidal

unidirectional

A

tidal

98
Q

The structures of the respiratory system are housed within the ______ (chest) cavity.

Multiple choice question.

pelvic

dorsal

thoracic

abdominal

gastric

A

thoracic

99
Q

A pleural sac is ______.

Multiple choice question.

a small lung structure surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place

a structure that causes the thoracic cavity to expand when a breath is taken

the portion of the trachea in which the vocal cords are housed

a double layer of tissue that protects the lungs

A

a double layer of tissue that protects the lungs

100
Q

At the air/liquid interface in the lungs, ______ molecules are attracted to each other resulting in surface tension. This could result in alveoli collapsing if not for the surfactant produced by type II alveoli cells.

Multiple choice question.

protein

water

carbon dioxide

lipid

oxygen

A

water

101
Q

How does the negative pressure filling mechanism of ventilation work?

Multiple choice question.

Air is forced into the lungs using a gulping action.

Air is drawn into the lungs when the volume of the lungs expands.

Air is drawn into the lungs when the volume of the lungs decreases.

Air passively enters the lungs by diffusion.

A

Air is drawn into the lungs when the volume of the lungs expands.

102
Q

The total amount of oxygen available to an animal’s cells is higher than that which can be physically dissolved because of oxygen-binding ______.

Multiple choice question.

nucleic acids

proteins

organic acids

carbohydrates

lipids

A

proteins

103
Q

Mammals ventilate with __________ pressure by contracting and relaxing rib muscles and the diaphragm which changes the pressure in the lungs relative to the atmosphere.

A

Blank 1: negative

104
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following is a possible color for the respiratory pigments of animals?

Multiple select question.

Yellow

Green

Black

Blue

Red

A

Blue

Red

105
Q

In __________ ventilation, fresh air is breathed in and stale air is breathed out through the same route.

A

Blank 1: tidal

106
Q

The ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen is ______ of the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

Multiple choice question.

inversely proportional

directly proportional

independent

A

directly proportional

107
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are components of the mammalian respiratory system?

Multiple select question.

Nose

Larynx

Tracheoles

Lamellae

Bronchi

Spiracles

Gills

Diaphragm

A

Nose

Larynx

Bronchi

Diaphragm

108
Q

Generally, small animals have ______ larger animals.

Multiple choice question.

higher relative metabolic rates than

the same relative metabolic rates as

lower relative metabolic rates than

A

higher relative metabolic rates than

109
Q

Surface tension within the alveoli is due to the attractive forces between ______ molecules at the air/liquid interface.

Multiple choice question.

water

surfactant

air

hemoglobin

A

water

110
Q

The majority of CO2 in the blood is converted to highly soluble ___________ ions.

A

Blank 1: bicarbonate, HCO3, or HCO3-

111
Q

The function of oxygen-binding proteins is to increase the amount of oxygen in body fluids above that level which can be physically _________.

A

Blank 1: dissolved

112
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are involved in controlling respiration in mammals?

Multiple select question.

Brainstem

The heart

Trachea

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

A

Brainstem

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

113
Q

The oxygen-binding proteins that have evolved in animals are called __________ __________ because they have a color.

A

Blank 1: respiratory

Blank 2: pigments

114
Q

A sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific compound is called a(n) __________.

A

Blank 1: chemoreceptor or chemoreceptors

115
Q

At higher partial pressures of oxygen, the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen is ______ compared to that at lower partial pressures of oxygen.

Multiple choice question.

higher

the same

lower

A

higher

116
Q

Which of the following conditions/diseases account for the most deaths in the United States?

Multiple choice question.

Influenza

All types of cancer combined

AIDS

Cardiovascular disease

A

Cardiovascular disease

117
Q

Rank the following organisms in order of decreasing metabolic rate, beginning at the top with the organism with the highest metabolic rate.

cat
human
cow
dog
mouse
A 
mouse
cat
dog
human
cow
118
Q

Select all that apply

Carbon dioxide is released from human tissues as a waste product. In which of the following ways can it be transported to the lungs?

Multiple select question.

Dissolved in hemolymph

Bound to hemoglobin

As bicarbonate ions

Bound to hemocyanin

Dissolved in blood

A

Bound to hemoglobin

As bicarbonate ions

Dissolved in blood

119
Q

True or False: Respiratory centers in the brainstem have an important role in the regulation of breathing in mammals.

True false question.
True
False

A

True

120
Q

Hypertension refers to ______.

Multiple choice question.

high blood pressure

low cardiac output

low blood pressure

high cardiac output

A

high blood pressure

121
Q

Specialized sensory cells in the aorta, carotid arteries, and brainstem that detect levels of certain substances in the blood (for example carbon dioxide) are known as ______.

Multiple choice question.

leukocytes

red blood cells

chemoreceptors

nerves

sickle cells

A

chemoreceptors

122
Q

A heart attack is also called ______.

Multiple choice question.

angina pectoris

cardiac angiography

myocardial infarction

atherosclerosis

A

myocardial infarction

123
Q

Select all that apply

Cardiovascular disease occurs when which of the following are not functioning properly?

Multiple select question.

Brain

Lungs

Blood vessels

Heart

A

Blood vessels

Heart

124
Q

A disease characterized by smooth muscle contractions in bronchioles which can result in difficulty in breathing and wheezing is called __________

A

Blank 1: asthma

125
Q

Emphysema is best described as a ______.

Multiple choice question.

heart condition that is caused by hypertension

lung condition that is caused by hyper-reactive bronchioles

lung condition that causes permanent lung damage

heart condition that causes blocked coronary arteries

A

lung condition that causes permanent lung damage

126
Q

Most of the damage caused by smoking occurs to the _________.

A

Lungs

127
Q

Sustained, above normal mean arterial blood pressure is also called ___________

A

Blank 1: hypertension

128
Q

The common term for myocardial infarction is heart ________.

A

attack

129
Q

Smooth muscle contractions in bronchioles which can result in difficulty in breathing and wheezing is a condition known as ______.

Multiple choice question.

respiratory distress of the newborn

emphysema

asthma

smoker’s cough

tuberculosis

A

asthma

130
Q

Emphysema is a lung disease that ______.

Multiple choice question.

is mild and does not require treatment

can be cured with antibiotics

is progressive and does not go away

can be cured with steroids

A

is progressive and does not go away

131
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are side effects of smoking in the adolescent?

Multiple select question.

Reduced lung growth

Increased phlegm production

Reduced stature

Shortness of breath

Obesity

A

Reduced lung growth

Increased phlegm production

Shortness of breath

132
Q

[Week 13 Circulatory Quiz Start]

Your patient comes to you and complains that she bruises easily and seems to bleed a lot from very small cuts. What is the likely cause of her symptoms?

Question 1 options:

Red blood cells not functioning correctly

Platelets not functioning correctly

White blood cells not functioning correctly

Mast cells not functioning correctly

A

Platelets not functioning correctly

133
Q

What occurs during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle?

Question 3 options:

Blood pressure increases in the arteries

Ventricles fill with blood

Ventricles contract

Blood pressure is highest in the ventricles

A

Ventricles fill with blood

134
Q

You need a blood transfusion immediately but don’t know your blood type. In this situation, what blood type will the EMT give you?

Question 4 options:

A negative

AB positive

O negative

O positive

B negative

A

O negative

135
Q

Considering blood flow through a closed circulation, which is the correct sequence of vessels, beginning at the heart?

Question 5 options:

vein, venule, capillary, arteriole, artery

artery, arteriole, capillary, vein, venule

arteriole, artery, capillary, vein, venule

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

artery, capillary, arteriole, venule, vein

A

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

136
Q

You have a patient with left side heart damage. What should you expect to happen next?

Wet breath sounds and difficulty breathing

Numbness in the extremities

Increased cardiac output

Loss of memory

A

Wet breath sounds and difficulty breathing

137
Q

You want to have a higher concentration of HDLs than LDLs because

Question 7 options:

LDLs hold higher levels of cholesterol

LDLs activate the synthesis of cholesterol in the cells

LDLs will drop excess cholesterol in the bloodstream

LDLs take cholesterol to the liver to be removed from the blood

A

LDLs hold higher levels of cholesterol

WRONG

138
Q

You have decided to come visit your professor in Colorado and you head up to the mountains to go for a hike. You notice that you quickly get tired and feel out of breath, but your professor seems just fine. This is likely because your professor

Question 8 options:

Has more red blood cells than you since she lives at a higher altitude

Has more white blood cells than you since she lives at a higher altitude

Is older than you and therefore breathes better at a higher altitude

Has fewer platelets than you since she lives at a higher altitude

Is superwoman!! (just kidding, don’t choose this answer!)

A

Has more red blood cells than you since she lives at a higher altitude

139
Q

Damage to the papillary muscles of the heart causes

Question 10 options:

An inability of the heart valves to close

A decrease in respiration rate

A decrease in the function of the aorta

An increase in blood pressure

A

An inability of the heart valves to close

140
Q

How can damage to the left side of the heart also result in kidney damage?

Question 11 options:

The heart damage causes an increase in blood pressure which puts too much stress on the kidneys

The heart damage causes a decrease in blood pressure which prevents the kidneys from functioning

The heat damage causes a significant increase in cardiac output which puts too much stress on the kidneys

Both A and C

A

The heart damage causes an increase in blood pressure which puts too much stress on the kidneys

WRONG

141
Q

The guards at Buckingham Palace in England must stand at attention for long periods of time without moving. The uniforms of these guards have pants with very wide legs. How are these two facts related?

Question 12 options:

The guards need the wide legged pants because it is the preferred style of the Queen who has commanded them to stand in front of her palace

The guards need the wide legged pants to protect them from the sun as they stand for long periods of time

The guards need the wide legged pants so that they can contract their calf muscles to help aid arterial blood flow and keep them from passing out

The guards need the wide legged pants so that they can contract their calf muscles to help aid venous return and keep them from passing out

There is no relationship between these two facts!

A

The guards need the wide legged pants so that they can contract their calf muscles to help aid venous return and keep them from passing out

142
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks a particular type of cells and stops its functioning, thus people with the disease are susceptible to infections. What type of cell does HIV attack?

Question 13 options:

Red blood cell

Platelet

White blood cell

Liver Cell

A

White blood cell

143
Q

Which of these is NOT a function of circulating blood?

Question 14 options:

movement of O2

movement of CO2

movement of nutrients

movement of waste

creation of new blood cells

A

creation of new blood cells

144
Q

Your blood type is AB positive, which blood type can you accept from a donor without an immune response?

Question 15 options:

AB positive

AB negative

A positive

O positive

All of the above

A

All of the above

145
Q

[Week 14 Respiratory Quiz Start]

Respiratory surfaces in all vertebrates have all of the listed features except

Question 1 options:

moist epithelia

large surface areas

thick epithelia

a very high degree of vascularization

A

thick epithelia

146
Q

When the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin shifts to the right, this means that at the same partial pressure

Question 2 options:

More oxygen is attached to the hemoglobin

Less oxygen is attached to the hemoglobin

The same amount of oxygen is attached to the hemoglobin

More CO2 is released from the hemoglobin

A

The same amount of oxygen is attached to the hemoglobin

WRONG

147
Q

Why does smoking lead to lung cancer?

Question 3 options:

Cigarette smoke causes constriction of the trachea

Cigarette smoke causes constriction of the bronchioles

Cigarette smoke causes stretching of the alveoli

Cigarette smoke has a large number of carcinogens in it

A

Cigarette smoke has a large number of carcinogens in it

148
Q

Why does the tracheal system of insects so heavily branched and spread throughout the body?

Question 4 options:

The system relies on diffusion and so must be close to each cell

The system is not attached to the circulatory system

The system must be close to muscles to expand and contract the trachea

All of the above

A

The system relies on diffusion and so must be close to each cell

WRONG

149
Q

Which of these is NOT a challenge for respiration in water?

Question 5 options:

The density of water is very high relative to air.

Water holds approximately 30 times less oxygen when compared to air.

Water requires an additional energy expenditure to move across epithelial surfaces.

Water moving across respiratory surfaces removes heat from the animal.

Water breathing animals have a high risk of desiccation.

A

Water breathing animals have a high risk of desiccation.

150
Q

The group of vertebrates with the greatest capacity for gas exchange across the skin is the

Question 6 options:

amphibians

mammals

birds

fishes

reptiles

A

amphibians

151
Q

Assuming that the partial pressure of nitrogen is 0.79 at sea level, what it is the partial pressure of nitrogen at 20m, where the atmospheric pressure is 3 atm?

Question 7 options:

  1. 79
  2. 59
  3. 37
  4. 16
A

3.16

WRONG

152
Q

If the efficiency of the alveoli in a human was reduced by 50%, what would you predict would be the effect?

Question 8 options:

The volume of air in the lungs would decrease by 50%

The rate of gas exchange would decrease by 50%

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen would decrease by 50%

The muscular control of breathing would decrease by 50%

A

The rate of gas exchange would decrease by 50%

153
Q

You have found a new species of fish that uses ram ventilation. This means that

Question 9 options:

It must gulp water and push it past the gills

It must swim constantly to keep water flowing over the gills

It must use counter-current exchange

It must use co-current exchange

A

It must swim constantly to keep water flowing over the gills

154
Q

Which 2 gases make up the majority of air that we breathe?

Question 10 options:

carbon dioxide and nitrogen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

hydrogen and nitrogen

hydrogen and oxygen

nitrogen and oxygen

A

nitrogen and oxygen

155
Q

When exercising, more CO2 is produced and the pH of the blood decreases. This causes the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin to

Question 11 options:

Shift to the left

Stay in the same place

Shift to the right

A

Shift to the left

WRONG

156
Q

Which disease that affects respiratory function is caused by an infectious organism?

Question 12 options:

lung cancer

asthma

emphysema

pneumonia

A

pneumonia

157
Q

The process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a gas-exchange surface is

Question 13 options:

gas exchange

gas transport

respiration

exhalation

ventilation

A

ventilation

158
Q

How can you prevent getting the bends?

Question 14 options:

Breathe deeply while SCUBA diving to avoid hyperventilation

Ascend slowly from SCUBA diving to allow gases to come out of solution slowly

Breathe only oxygen while SCUBA diving

All of the above

A

Ascend slowly from SCUBA diving to allow gases to come out of solution slowly

159
Q

A patient with apnea will likely have which of the following symptoms?

Question 15 options:

Fatigue and lethargy

Wheezing when inhaling

Constant deep coughing

Shortness of breath

A

Fatigue and lethargy

Biology 2 (61 decks)

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