Study Questions Chap 1-9

Question 1

Upright, Pyramidal and weeping are examples of tree ___ ___ that are important in selection

Answer 1

Growth habits

Question 2

Some trees acclimate to shade conditions by:

Answer 2

1) Developing larger leaves
2) Developing thinner leaves
3) Variegated foliage losing variegation or foliage color tending to be greener

Question 3

It is desirable to use ___-____ ____ because they release nutrients usually nitrogen over an extended period of time

Answer 3

Slow-release fertilizers

Question 4

Characteristics used to identify trees (9 possible)

Answer 4

1) Form/growth habit
2) bark texture
3) leaves
4) flowers
5) Fruit
6) seeds
7) buds
8) leaf scars
9) scent

Question 5

______ tend to be Air filled

Answer 5

Macropores

Question 6

_____ tend to be water filled

Answer 6

Micropores

Question 7

Species are often subdivided into ____ or ____ that have distinct differences from the general species

Answer 7

Variety/cultivar

Question 8

Micro organisms tend to congregate in the rhizosphere in part because

Answer 8

Sugar exudates from root tips and is a source of food

Question 9

5 benefits of mulching around trees

Answer 9

1) Moderate temperature extremes
2) Reduce competition from weeds and grasses
3) Keeps mowers away
4) Maintain soil moisture
5) aesthetically pleasing

Question 10

Driving vehicles across wet soil will _____ the soil and destroy soil ____ ____

Answer 10

Compact/pore space

Question 11

If the soil is to ____, iron and magnesium may be in a chemical form that is unavailable to trees

Answer 11

Alkaline

Question 12

A ____ ____ is a landscape feature specifically designed to collect and hold stormwater runoff

Answer 12

rain garden

Question 13

Studies show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree’s energy allocation toward growth sometimes at the expense of _____

Answer 13

Defense

Question 14

3 limitations to trunk implants and micro injections

Answer 14

1) Limited to trees over 4” in diameter
2) Not suited for addressing micro nutrient deficiencies
3) Resulting wounds limit ability to repeat applications

Question 15

_____ transports water and minerals.

_____ transports carbohydrates.

Answer 15

Xylem/phloem

Question 16

2 of the most important levels measured in a soil analysis are the ____ and the salt levels (especially in arid regions)

Answer 16

PH

Question 17

Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct _____ deficiencies

Answer 17

Micronutrient

Question 18

6 tree health problems associated with flooding

Answer 18

1) root suffocation or death
2) soil organisms killed
3) Predisposition to other stress factors
4) root collar rot
5) tree prone to topling
6) Mineral toxicities

Question 19

Wilting, marginal burning and dieback maybe symptoms of excess ____ ____ in the root zone

Answer 19

Fertilizer salts

Question 20

Fertilization recommendations should be based on _____ _____

Answer 20

Element requirements

Question 21

2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of drip irrigation

Answer 21

Advantage
1) reduce water waste
2) Reduce soil compaction

Disadvantage
1) Must be moved outward as root system expands
2) May become clogged

Question 22

Disadvantages to sprinkler irrigation are high application rates and surface _____ created by water hitting the soil surface

Answer 22

Compaction

Question 23

When transplanting a tree the root ball should be ___ to ___ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general a root depth of ___to ___ feet should be sufficient

Answer 23

10 to 12 inches
2.5 to 3 feet

Question 24

Transplant shock is mainly due to ____ stress from the greatly reduced root system.

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ____ are the optimal conditions for new root growth

Answer 25

Moisture

Question 26

Planting holes should be dug ____ to ____ times the width of the root ball at the surface with the sides sloping down to the diameter at the base of the root ball

Answer 26

2 to 3 times

Question 27

In temperate climates the 2 best times to transplant most trees are _____ _____ and _____

Answer 27

Early Spring and fall

Question 28

In areas where the soil is heavy clay plant trees with the root ball ____ to ____ inches higher than original grade

Answer 28

2 to 3 inches

Question 29

3 adverse effects of topping include:

Answer 29

1) Excessive water sprout development
2) Weak branch attachment
3) Unnatural growth form

Question 30

True/False–Trees that tend to “bleed” should never be pruned in the early Spring because doing so is likely to cause a major decline in vigor

Answer 30

False

Question 31

When pruning palms, if older live fronds must be removed avoid removing fronds that initiate above _________.

Answer 31

The horizontal

Question 32

3 adverse effects of lion tailing are:

Answer 32

1) uneven foliage distribute
2) Sunburned bark tissue
3) weakened branch structure

Question 33

True/False–In the absence of included bark, the relative size of a branch in relation to the trunk is more important for strength of branch attachment then is the angle of attachment

Answer 33

True

Question 34

When practical, temporary lower branches should be left on a young tree to help develop trunk _____

Answer 34

Taper

Question 35

True/False–Codominant stems can represent a structurally unstable branch configuration especially if there is included bark in the Junction

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Name 2 ways plant growth regulators are used by arborists

Answer 36

1) Reduce growth
2) restrict sucker growth

Question 37

To maximize flowering, plants that Bloom on current season’s wood should be pruned prior to _____ _____ or in the summer after Bloom has occurred. Plants that Bloom on last season’s wood should be pruned just after _____

Answer 37

Leaf emergence
Bloom

Question 38

Because pruning removes leaves and reduces the overall photosynthetic capacity of a tree it also reduces _____

Answer 38

Growth

Question 39

Name 8 common reasons for removing limbs from trees

Answer 39

1) Dead
2) diseased
3) hazardous
4) crossing
5) thinning for light or air penetration
6) weight reduction
7) Size reduction
8) obstructing signs, views, Clearance etc

Question 40

Name 3 instances in which cabling might be called for in a tree.

Answer 40

a) support a weak crotch
b) support for a mulit-stemmed tree
c) weak-wooded tree

Question 41

As a general, rule cables should be installed _____-_____ the distance from the weak branch union to the top of the tree, as long as the wood is solid and large enough to install the hardware.

Answer 41

two-thirds

Question 42

Dead-end hardware such as _____ _____or _____ _____ can be used as anchors in smaller branches that are not decayed.

Answer 42

Lag hooks or lag eyes

Question 43

In decayed wood or limbs greater than 8 inches in diameter _____ _____ or _____ _____ with _____-_____ _____ must be used to attach cables.

Answer 43

eye bolts or threaded rods with amon-eye nuts

Question 44

If a tree has a crown radius smaller than ____ feet only one conductor is required.

Answer 44

35

Question 45

Name 3 circumstances in which lightning protection for trees might be recommended.

Answer 45

a) Historic tree
b) valuable tree
c) trees that are prone to strikes within golf course, parks, etc

Question 46

Name and describe the 5 soil layers from top to bottom:

Answer 46

O–the organic player
A–has the absorbing roots and is biologically active
E–(when it exists) lacks A’s organic matter
B–accumulates matter leached from the above layers and includes parent material
C–just above the bedrock and is weathered parent material