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ABPP > Acalculia, alexia, & agraphia > Flashcards

Acalculia, alexia, & agraphia Flashcards

1
Q

Alexia with hemianopsia & achromotopsia suggests a lesion in the

A

Dominant occipital-temporal area

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1
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of phonological agraphia

A

Supramarginal gyrus or insula (assoc. w/ alexia) Perisylvian region (assoc. w/ aphasia)

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1
Q

Exner’s area

A

Area just superior to Broca’s believed to be associated with agraphia

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2
Q

What are the two general nosologies of agraphia?

A

Clinical neurology classification (aphasic & nonaphasic agraphias) Cognitive neuropsychological classification (phonological & lexical agraphia)

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3
Q

Derivational error

A

Reading, writing, or speaking error at the single word level in which the correct morpheme root is retained but differs in part of speech (e.g., ‘confuse’ for ‘confusion’)

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4
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of alexia with agraphia

A

Dominant angular gyrus in the inferior parietal lobe

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4
Q

Spatial agraphia

A

Writing impairment due to spatial deficits that affect nonlinguistic aspects of writing

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4
Q

Attentional alexia

A

Characterized by relative preservation of single-word reading in context of gross disruption of reading when words are presented as text or in the presence of other words or letters

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5
Q

Alexia without agraphia is associated with what other conditions?

A

R HH, color naming disturbance

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5
Q

Visual-spatial agraphia (constructional agraphia) is characterized by

A

Reiteration of strokes Inability to complete a straight horizontal line Insertion of spaces between graphemes

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6
Q

Surface alexia is associated with lesions in the

A

L temporal lobe

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8
Q

Hans Berger’s primary acalculia

A

Disturbance in performing calculations specifically

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9
Q

Allographic aphasia

A

Writing impairment associated with poor written production characterized by frequent omission errors w/ well-formed letter production (may reflect wrong letter); copying & oral spelling are spared

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10
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of surface/lexical agraphia

A

Posterior angular gyrus & parieto-occipital lobule (assoc. w/ aphasia)

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10
Q

What other conditions are often associated with acalculia assoc. w/ alexia & agraphia for numbers?

A

Aphasia, verbal alexia, ideational & ideomotor apraxia, constructional deficits, somatognosia

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11
Q

Literal alexia is associated with a lesion in the

A

left frontal area

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12
Q

Phonological agraphia

A

Reflects impairment of sound-to-letter correspondences (nonlexical spelling route); markedly impaired spelling of nonwords & unfamiliar words but can spell words with which they are familiar

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12
Q

Peripheral vs. central dyslexias (Shallice & Warrington)

A

Peripheral - characterized by deficit in processing of visual aspects of stimulus, which prevents pt from reliably matching familiar word to stored form (e.g. alexia without agraphia) Central - impairment to deeper or higher reading functions by which visual word forms mediate access to meaning or speech production mechanisms

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13
Q

Semantic agraphia

A

Impaired ability to spell & write with meaning; may produce semantic jargon, spell semantically incorrect but correctly spelled dictated homophones; common finding in AD & semantic dementia

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14
Q

Hecaen’s classifications (1961) of acalculia

A

1) Acalculia assoc. w/ alexia & agraphia for numbers 2) Acalculia of the spatial type 3) Anarithmetria

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16
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of anarithmetria

A

Left-sided & bilateral brain disease; RH only if parietal lobe is involved

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16
Q

What other conditions are often associated with anarithmetria?

A

Aphasia, visuoconstructive deficits, general cognitive deterioration, verbal alexia, visual field defects

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17
Q

Alexia without agraphia is also known as

A

Posterior alexia

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18
Q

Hemi-alexia

A

Individual can read adequately in one visual field but not other; often seen when posterior CC is severed but both visual sensory areas remain intact

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20
Q

Alexia for arithmetical signs with preserved reading of #s is associated with what type of lesion?

A

Focal LH lesion in parietal or temporal-occipital areas

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21
Q

The origin of our current concept of alexia stems from case reports by _______

A

Dejerine

23
Q

Inability to read or write #s is associated with a lesion in the

A

L parietal lobe

24
Q

Ideational agraphia

A

Not apraxia agraphia because can hold pen, but difficulties with all the motor steps needed to write

24
Q

Brain abnormalities associated with reading disorders

A

Symmetrical planum temporale, cortical malformations in frontal & temporal areas, reduced insular & frontal lobe volumes

25
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of alexia without agraphia

A

Dominant occipital lobe, involves white matter of posterior corpus callosum

26
Q

Alexia with agraphia is also known as

A

Central alexia

27
Q

Who coined the term ‘akalkulia’ in 1919?

A

Henschen

28
Q

Phonological agraphia is often associated with what other disorders?

A

Aphasia, phonological alexia

29
Q

What is the difference between alexia & dyslexia?

A

Alexia - acquired Dyslexia - congenital/early life

30
Q

Agraphia in isolation is assocaited with a lesion in

A

Dominant superior or inferior parietal lobe or second frontal gyrus

32
Q

Reiterative agraphia

A

Abnormal repetition of phrases, words, letters, etc. often seen with frontal lobe dementia

33
Q

Hans Berger’s secondary acalculia

A

Problems with calculations due to more general disturbances in memory, language, attention, etc.

33
Q

Who was the first to publish a detailed report of a calculation disorder resulting from focal brain damage?

A

Stadelman (1908); the patient also had R HH

35
Q

Alexia with agraphia is often accompanied by

A

Fluent aphasia, Gerstmann’s syndrome, hemisensory loss, R visual field defect

37
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of acalculia of the spatial type

A

Post-Rolandic lesion of the RH

39
Q

Neuroanatomical correlate of deep agraphia

A

Supramarginal gyrus or insula, far extending

40
Q

Acalculia of the spatial type

A

Impaired spatial organization results in calculation problems due to misalignment of numbers, reversal of digits, inversions, & reversal errors

41
Q

McCloskey & Caramazza’s subclassification of number processing skills

A

Lexical processing - ability to read or write individual numbers Syntactic processing - ability to combine numbers into correct form & quantity

42
Q

The origin of the concept of alexia is from case reports by

A

Dejerine (1890s)

44
Q

Paralexia

A

Substitutions made when reading aloud

45
Q

Phonological alexia (dyslexia)

A

An inability to make spelling-to-sound correspondence rules; results in visual paralexias - real words misread as visually similar words (‘cat’ for ‘car’); better reading of high frequency words

47
Q

Literal alexia

A

AKA frontal or anterior alexia; can read whole words but not recognize individual letters; associated with severe agraphia, poor copy with omissions, agrammatism, poor spelling

47
Q

Dual-route model for spelling

A

Lexical: processes words holistically; cannot process unfamiliar or non-words Non-lexical: processes words on subword level, fragmenting them into phonological components; cannot correctly process irregular words

48
Q

Deep agraphia

A

Trouble spelling nonwords, more trouble spelling function words than nouns, semantic paragraphic errors (“flight” instead of “propeller”)

49
Q

Alexia without agraphia (posterior alexia) is considered a disconnection syndrome because it disconnects ______ from _______

A

Visual info; language cortex

50
Q

Anarithmetria

A

Deficits in performing the calculation itself

50
Q

Mental graphia

A

Metaphorical term for the inability to put thoughts into written phrases

52
Q

Surface alexia (dyslexia)

A

Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion disorder; can’t read words with irregular orthography (e.g., ‘tough’ read as ‘tug’)

53
Q

According to Neilson’s model, what are the 3 forms of agraphia?

A

Aphasic, apretic (basically apraxic), isolated

55
Q

Deep alexia (dyslexia)

A

Reading errors based on semantic (real word) substitutions for target words (semantic paralexias); substituted word may be paralexia, totally incorrect, or neologism; syntactic (functional) words are almost totally omitted

56
Q

Optic agraphia

A

Inability to copy written or printed words while being capable of writing from dictation; associated with lesions in the posterior language-dominant hemisphere

57
Q

Lexical agraphia is often associated with what other disorders?

A

Aphasia, alexia, Gerstmann syndrome

58
Q

Lexical agraphia

A

Selective impairment of lexical (whole-word) spelling route that results in overreliance on spelling by sound-to-letter correspondence; inability to spell irregular words (‘feign’ becomes ‘fane’)

59
Q

Alexia with agraphia is associated with a lesion in the

A

Inferior parietal lobe of LH, centering on angular gyrus

60
Q

Primary acalculia is associated with lesions in

A

Dominant angular gyrus/inferior parietal lobe, dominant or nondominant perisylvian lesion

61
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

Agraphia, finger agnosia, L/R disorientation, alcalculia

62
Q

Global alexia

A

Term used to indicate total loss of the ability to understand written or printed language; synonymous with central alexia but indicates total loss

63
Q

Literal alexia is associated with what other conditions?

A

R HP, nonfluent aphasia, unilateral sensory/visual field neglect

ABPP (34 decks)

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