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Microanatomy > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Structure: Wider than tall |
Function: passage, transport (ex. blood in circulatory)
Location: lining of: blood vessel | lymph vessel | closed body cavities | some tubules | cornea

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2
Q

Types of Simple Squamous Epithelium & Location

A

Endothelium: line blood vessels & lymph vessels
Mesothelium: line closed body cavities, cover organs

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3
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Structure: same length & width (judgement-based)
Function: ducts to carry secretory product
Location: line: ducts of glands (salivary) | kidney ducts

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4
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: taller than wide
plan or modified (+/- goblet cells/microvilli)
Function: protective | immune cells | secretory/absorptive
Location: line: gall bladder | GI tract | organs for
secretion/absorption

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5
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia (Types & Structure)

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium

All cells contact basement membrane but not all reach free surface

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6
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: all cells attach to BM, not all reach surface | taller than wide | +/- modification (goblet cells, cilia, microvilli) | no line of nuclei at surface
Function: absorption
Location: line: respiratory tract | reproductive tract

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7
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Goblet Cells (F)

A

Function: mucus secretion to prevent dehydration

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8
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Cilia (F)

A

Function: trapping

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9
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Stereocilia (S&F)

A

Structure: actin | finger-like projections
Function: fluid-absorption

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Structure: increase size as layers closer to surface | “pillow-shaped” | no epithelial pegs
Function: stretching
Location: urinary tract

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11
Q

Apical Membrane Extensions (purpose & types)

A

Mediates absorption & secretion into lumen b/c epithelial cells have sealed apical ends

Types: Microvilli | Glycocalyx | Stereocilia | Cilia/Flagella

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12
Q

Microvilli

A

Structure: actin filaments for anchorage
Function: increase surface area for absorption
Location: epithelia of kidney & intestine

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13
Q

Brush Border

A

Microvilli + Glycocalyx
Seen as striated border
Function: absorption

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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“Cell coat” of glycoproteins | rich in carbohydrates
Protect free surface of epithelia

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15
Q

Stereocilia

A

Structure: “finger-like” projections | actin | very long
Function: fluid-absorption
Location: epithelium of epididymis | inner ear

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16
Q

Cilia / Flagella

A

Structure: uniform | axoneme (skeleton) from microtubules
inserted into basal body (centriole); anchored in cytoplasm
Single cilia = flagella
Function: bending, motility (by ATP w dynein motor protein)

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17
Q

Junctions (F & Types)

A

Function: strength | hold cells together
Types:
Impermeable Junction = Zonula Occludens (tight junction)
Adhering Junction = Zonula Adherens (terminal web/bar, desmosome)
Communicating Junction = Gap Junction (Nexus)

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18
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Impermeable junction | “tight junction”
Structure: network-like | multiple belts of adhesion
Function: controls diffusion | strong seal of junction

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19
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

Adhering Junction | Terminal Bar & Terminal Web
Structure: filled w/ transmem proteins | actin (microfilaments) insert electron-dense plaque
Function: attach cytoplasm of cells together | strength/contraction

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20
Q

Terminal Web (S&F)

A

Structure: layering / network of actin across cell
Function: Strength & Increase Surface Area

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21
Q

Macula Adherens

A

Adhering Junction | Desmosome
Structure: VERY strong | disc shape | intermediate filament (cytokeratin) insert into plaques –> form hairpin loops
Complete desmosomes: between cells
Hemidesmosomes: to basal lamina
Function: adhesion of cells

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22
Q

Communicating Junction

A

Gap Junction (Nexus)
Structure: bridged by connexons (hexamer)
Function: intercellular communication | nutrition

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23
Q

Connexons

A

Protein in Gap Junction (Communicating Junction) that creates a pore & allows for Ca2+ transfer, membrane depolarization, and nutrients across cell

24
Q

Basal Cell Membrane

A

NOT basement membrane
Structure: part of cell membrane below impermeable junction & contacts extracellular fluid compartment
Has Na/K pumps | hormone receptors | vesicles for transport across cells
Hemidesmosomes attach BCM to BM

25
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Structure: basal lamina + reticular lamina
Function: attachment & orientation of epithelium | exchange/filtration through basal lamina (ie capillary)

26
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Macula Adherens (Adhering Junction)
Attaches BCM to BM

27
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Part of basement membrane
Secreted by Epithelium
Structure: electron-dense | collagen IV network | laminin glycoprotein | proteoglycan w/ heparan sulfate= (-) charge for attachment | rich in carbs
Stain: w/ PAS

28
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Part of basement membrane
Secreted by Connective Tissue
Structure: reticular fibers of collagen type III & VII (irregular fibers) + elastic elements (for stretching)

29
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium (S & Types)

A

Structure: flat cells on surface
Types: Nonkeratinized or Keratinized

30
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Structure: NO dry layer | visible nuclei | wet surfaces (no need for corneum layer) | “pegs”
Layers: Stratum Superficiale (top) | Spinosum (“spiny” desmosomes) | Basale (attach to BM)
Location: wet surfaces | carnivore esophagus | anterior cornea

31
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Structure: Cornified top layer | “pegs” for anchoring
Layers: Stratum corneum (nuclei invisible, dead cell layer, many filaments) | Lucidum (translucent, thin) | Granulosum (granules) | Spinosum (spiny/desmosomes) | Basale (bottom | hemidesmosomes)

Location: hairless areas | paw pads | nose | body openings

32
Q

Keratin Types & Location

A

Soft: pliable | low sulfur | high lipid
Location: epidermis (skin)
Hard: non-pliable | high sulfur | low lipid
Location: claw | horn | fingernail

33
Q

Keratinization Process

A

-Starts in stratum spinosum
-Keratin synthesis/accumulation (cytokeratin) until replaces active cytoplasm
-Lysosomal enzymes & hydrolysis of nonkeratinized cells (golgi, mito, nuclei)

34
Q

Stratified Cuboidal / Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Structure: bistratified (2 cell layers) | surface row of nuclei | nuclei height indicates cuboidal v columnar
Function: carry secretory product
Location: large excretory ducts of glands | esophageal glands | distal urethra

35
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Empty secretion into duct system
Contact with body surface
Example: tear | sweat | mammary glands

36
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Empty secretion directly into blood (“ductless”)
No contact with body surface
Location: thyroid | adrenal | pituitary

37
Q

Exocrine Gland Classifications

A

Morphological Characteristics
Nature of Secretory Product
Mode of Release of Secretory Product

38
Q

Simple Glands

A

Exocrine
Single, unbranched duct
Types:
Simple Tubular
Branched Tubular
Coiled Tubular
Simple Acinar

39
Q

Simple Tubular Glands

A

Single, straight secretory unit
Empties directly into lumen of organ

40
Q

Branched Tubular Glands

A

Top gland opening, then branching

41
Q

Coiled Tubular Glands

A

Coiled (bottom portion) and straight segment to surface
Location: skin, ear canal

42
Q

Simple Acinar Gland

A

Enlarged secretory unit | spherical
Location: sebaceous glands (ie hair follicle)

43
Q

Compound Glands

A

Extensive, branched duct system
Structures in compound glands:
Lobules
Interlobular ducts (excretory duct)
Intralobular ducts (secretory duct | intercalated duct)

44
Q

Excretory Duct

A

Interlobular duct
Structure: Large | lined with simple or stratified epithelium
Function: transfer secretory unit –> action site

45
Q

Secretory Duct

A

Type of Intralobular Duct
Structure: lined with simple columnar epithelium
Function: contribute to secretory product

46
Q

Intercalated Duct

A

Type of Intralobular Duct
Structure: lined with simple cuboidal epith
Function: connect secretory unit w/ secretory duct

47
Q

Gland Structures Classified by Nature of Secretory Product

A

Mucous secretory unit
Serous secretory unit
Mucoserous secretory unit
Acinus
Alveolus

48
Q

Mucous Secretory Unit

A

Structure: nuclei “flattened” at base | columnar/cuboidal shape
Function: secrete mucin (light stain!)

49
Q

Serous Secretory Unit

A

Structure: prominent | red stain | pyramidal shape
Function: watery secretion

50
Q

Mucoserous Secretory Unit

A

Structure: mixed | mucous + serous cells | slightly darker stain | can split L/R, random, tubular/cap
Function: empty product (water/mucin) into intercellular canaliculi (canals between cells)

51
Q

Acinus

A

Secretory unit w/ small lumen (low fill volume)
Location: pancreas

52
Q

Alveolus

A

Secretory unit w/ large lumen (fill large volume)
Location: mammary gland

53
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

Aka eccrine
No visible change to cell integrity
Release via exocytosis
Location: salivary gland

54
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

Secretion w/ change to cell integrity
Cytoplasm “pinched off” into lumen of gland
Location: sweat gland | mammary gland

55
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

Entire cell lost as secretory product
Rod-shaped nuclei = cell necrosis (secretion)
Location: sebaceous gland –> sebum

56
Q

Myoepithelial Cells

A

Modified epithelium w/ ability for contraction
Forces product out of secretory unit into the duct

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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