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AP Euro > Chapter 12- Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

when was the renaissance?

A

1300s-1600s

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2
Q

when did the renaissane spread to Northern Europe

A

around 1450

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3
Q

Renaissance culture applied almost exclusively to who?

A

the upper classes

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4
Q

what three northern Italian city-states developed national trade.

A

Venice,Genoa, Milan

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5
Q

what is a commenda

A

A contract between a merchant and someone who agrees to take their goods to distant locations for some of the profits.

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6
Q

why didn’t Italy unify politically

A

competition among city states

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7
Q

when did the downfall of the city states happen

A

late 1400s early 1500s

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8
Q

What family dominated the Republic of Florence

A

The medici family

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9
Q

who was the most powerful medici

A

cosimo de medici

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10
Q

What was notable about Lorenzo the Magnificent

A

He was perhaps the greatest patron of the arts

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11
Q

who was the main family in Milan

A

the Sforza family

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12
Q

who were the two major enemies of Milan

A

venice and florence

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13
Q

What was the treaty that created a 40 year period of relative peace in northern Italy in

A

The Peace of Lodi (1454)

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14
Q

In which city state did popes serve as religious and political leaders, and controlled much of central Italy

A

Rome(the Papal States)

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15
Q

what was the longest lasting Italian city state and the greatest maritime power in Italy

A

Rome(the Papal States)

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16
Q

Which city state was known as the kingdom of two Sicilies

A

Naples

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17
Q

What was the only Italian city state to officially have a king

A

Naples

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18
Q

Which city state was controlled by France and Spain

A

Naples

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19
Q

When did the french invasions of Italy begin

A

1494

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20
Q

Italy became a battle ground for what two outside countries

A

France and Spain

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21
Q

What symbolized the end of the Renissance in Italy

A

the sack of rome (1557)

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22
Q

What is Humanism

A

Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings

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23
Q

what is Virtú

A

the quality of being a man; excellin in all of one’s pursuits

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24
Q

What did humanism believe was the key to a good life

A

reason and Nature

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25
Q

Secularism

A

interest in things that are not religious

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26
Q

Was humanism in Italy focused on Christian or Non-Christian

A

Non-christian

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27
Q

True or false most humanists were athiests

A

false, most were christians

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28
Q

what two main languages did humanists focus on studying

A

Latin at first and then Ancient Greek after the fall of the Byzantine Empire (1453)

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29
Q

What kind of education did humanists believe in

A

Liberal arts ( i.e Grammar,Rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy)

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30
Q

Civic Humanism believed what

A

that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic repairs

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31
Q

Which humanists were important political leaders

A

colluccion Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, and Francesco Guiccaiardini.

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32
Q

Who was known as the “father of humanism”

A

Petrarch

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33
Q

who was considered the first modern writer

A

Petrarch

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34
Q

what language were most texts in this era written in

A

Latin

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35
Q

Who was the first to use the term humanism

A

Leonardo Bruni

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36
Q

who wrote the first modern history and what was it

A

Leonardo Bruni-a history of Florence.

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37
Q

who exposed the false donation of Constantine

A

Lorenzo Valla

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38
Q

what had the church clamed in the false donation of constantine

A

that they had been granted a lot of land by emporer constantine

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39
Q

Who exposed errors in the Latin Vulgate (official catholic bible)

A

Lorenzo Valla

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40
Q

Who founded the platonic academy at the behest of Cosimo de Medici and translated much of Plato’s work into latin

A

Marsilio Ficino

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41
Q

Which famous humanist was a member of the platonic academy

A

Pico Della Mirandola

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42
Q

Who wrote the quintessential political treatise of the 16th century,

A

Niccolò Machiavelli-The prince

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43
Q

what were some of Niccolo machiavelli’s main ideas

A

the ends justify the means, rulers were better to be feared than loved,Rulers had to be practical, cunning, aggressive, and ruthless.

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44
Q

what were some of Niccolo Machiavelli’s main ideas

A

the ends justify the means, rulers were better to be feared than loved,Rulers had to be practical, cunning, aggressive, and ruthless.

45
Q

Who wrote the most important renaissance work on social etiquette(described the ideal of a “renaissance man”

A

Baldassare Castiglione-Book of the Courtier

46
Q

Who invented the press

A

Johann Gutenburg

47
Q

What did artists emphasize in their art in addition to religion

A

Individuals and everyday life

48
Q

What city state was the artistic leeader in the 1400s

A

Florence

49
Q

Where did most of the patronage for the arts come from

A

wealthy families and churches

50
Q

who commissioned Donatello’s David

A

Medici

51
Q

Which wealthy family commissioned the last supper

A

The Sforza’s (Milan)

52
Q

Why were churches such patrons of the arts

A

they saw it as a way to glorify god

53
Q

who commissioned Michelangelo’s David

A

Church

54
Q

Where was the artistic center in the 1500s

A

rome

55
Q

Which pope is noted for being a big patron of the arts

A

Pope Alexander VI

56
Q

what were the new artistic techniques of the era

A

Geometric perspective, Chiaroscuro,sfumato

57
Q

What is geometric perspective

A

three dimensional looking art as opposed to the 2d medieval art

58
Q

What is chiaroscuro

A

the use of dark and light to show depth

59
Q

sfumato

A

a technique developed by da Vinci, blurring lines to create a “smoky” effect

60
Q

Which was more stylized and less emotional,renaissance or medieval art

A

medievel

61
Q

Where did sculptures often appear

A

buildings and tombs

62
Q

How wererenaissance sculpture meant to be seen

A

“in the round” (from all angles)

63
Q

Who were renaissance sculptors influenced by

A

ancient greek and roman artists

64
Q

what style of architecture was popular during the middle ages

A

gothic

65
Q

what are the characteristics of gothic architecture

A

highly ornamented, with pointed spires, flying buttresses and a grand scale

66
Q

what are the characteristics of renaissance architecture

A

Triangular pediments, columns, arches, and domes (based of ancient Rome and Greece)

67
Q

What did renaissance architecture empasize

A

simplicity, symmetry, and balance

68
Q

Who was Raphael Santi

A

A painter who painted a lot of madonna and child paintings

69
Q

who painted the school of Athens

A

Raphael Santi

70
Q

what is Michelangelo famous for making

A

r painting the Sistine Chapel sculpting David, and the dome on St.Peter’s Basilica

71
Q

What is titian noted for

A

his use of vivid color

72
Q

who is one of the most influential architects in modern European history

A

Andrea Palladio

73
Q

who was considered one of the first people to use chiaroscuro

A

Giotto (from Florence)

74
Q

What is Filippo Brunelleschi famous for.

A

Il Duomo(the largest dome in Europe at the time), is also considered the father of linear perspective

75
Q

what is Leon Battista Alberti famous for

A

an architect of several famous cathedrals, he wrote the first treatise on linear perspective (from florence)

76
Q

who was Lorenzo Ghiberti

A

an artist who won a contest to see who would sculpt the bronze doors for the florentine baptistery (called by Michelangelo “the gates of paradise) (from Florence)

77
Q

Who was Donatello

A

Was the first renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in sculpture, mad the bronze David (from Florence)

78
Q

Who was Masaccio

A

Considered the first person to portray nude human figures in 3d(on 2d paper) (from Florence)

79
Q

who was Sandro Botticelli

A

Painted Birth of venus (from Florence)

80
Q

contrapposto

A

when a person stands with weight on one foot more than the other.

81
Q

Were was the “high renaissance” centered in

A

Rome

82
Q

who were the three “renaissance popes, that provided tremendous patronage to the arts

A

Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X

83
Q

what were the characteristics of the high renaissance

A

classical balance, harmony, restraint

84
Q

who was Bramante

A

he was the principal architect of the rebuilt St.Peters cathedral

85
Q

Who was Leonardo da vinci

A

he was seen as the “quintessential renaissance man”
he was a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, and scientist
he made the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

86
Q

what was the Hanseatic League

A

A commercial and military association formed by a bunch of North German city-states. It had a monopoly on a lot of traded goods

87
Q

What new industries began to become prominent at the beginning of the 15th century (the 1400s)

A

Mining, printing, and metallurgy

88
Q

What was the first estate

A

clergy

89
Q

what was the secon estate

A

nobility

90
Q

what was the third estate?

A

peasants

91
Q

What did the Medici family run in Florence

A

a banks

92
Q

Where did slavery briefly return

A

spain

93
Q

Why was the idea of family different during the renaissance than it is now

A

servants were considered a part of the family

94
Q

what are the liberal studies

A

history, moral philosophy, eloquence, grammar, logic, poetry,mathematics, astronomy, and music

95
Q

how was king Henry VII able to keep in power

A

he avoided wars, so that he could charge less on taxes.

96
Q

What were the two major kingdoms in Spain

A

Castile, and Aragon

97
Q

Who were the two people that got married and unified Spain

A

Isabella (from Castile) and Ferdinand (from Aragon)

98
Q

What was the Spanish inquisition

A

It was created in Spain to make sure that converted Jews stayed Christian

99
Q

what dynasty controlled the Holy Roman Empire

A

Hapsburg dynasty

100
Q

How was the Hapsburg dynasty able to stay in power

A

strategic marriages to powerful people

101
Q

What country was the biggest threat to Eastern Europe

A

Ottoman Turks

102
Q

What empire did the Ottoman Turks destroy

A

The Byzantine Empire

103
Q

What were the two threats to the Roman catholic church

A

Lollardy and Hussitism

104
Q

What was Lollardy

A

was led by theologist John Wyclif, he believed that there was no scripture that gave the pope authority and that the Bible should be every Christian’s sole authority.

105
Q

What was Hussitism

A

Hussitism was started by Johhn Hus (chancellor at the university of Prague.) he believed that the clergy was corrupt, and its excessive power need to end.

106
Q

What was the council of Constance

A

made to try and reform the church, made two decrees that both failed

107
Q

what was the Sacronacata

A

a decree made by the council of Constance that said that the council had authority from god and could make the pope do what they said

108
Q

The frequent

A

a decree made by the council of Constance that said the council would coninue to be held to finish the reforming of the church

109
Q

What was Julius the second known for

A

He was known as the warrior pope because he would lead his armies into battle.

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