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AP Euro > Chapter 16-The Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

Chapter 16-The Scientific Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What was the nature of the relationship between mathematics, technology and the Scientific Revolution?

A

Technical problems caused a need for a higher understanding of math and observation methods which increased scientific activity.
Mathematics was seen as a way to explain the universe and vital to understanding nature.
The great mathematicians who contributed to the scientific revolution all believed math was the key to nature’s secrets.

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2
Q

What is the Ptolemaic, or geocentric, view of the universe?

A

The geocentric view was the belief that Earth is motionless and that the heavenly bodies have a circular orbit around Earth.
This also stated the universe’s fixed outer boundary was heaven meaning the universe was believed to be finite.

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3
Q

Who is Nicolaus Copernicus, what did he write, and what was his major contribution to the Scientific Revolution?

A

Copernicus is the man who introduced the helicoentric theory of the universe.
He wrote the book, On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres.
His major contribution was the Copernican System which stated that the sun was the center of the universe not the Earth, that the planets and the Earth revolved around the sun, and that the Earth rotates on its own daily axis.

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4
Q

What was the major contribution of Tycho Brahe to the Scientific Revolution?

A

-Detailed astronomical data which was the most accurate up to that time.
-His data made possible Kepler’s contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

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5
Q

Why was Johannes Kepler such an important figure of the Scientific Revolution?

A

-His three laws of planetary motion.
-His laws killed the idea of perfect circular motion + the idea that crystalline spheres revolved in circular orbits.
-His findings refuted the geocentric or Ptolemaic view of the universe.

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6
Q

Why was Galileo a threat to the Catholic Church?

A

His ideas threatened Scripture and how people viewed the universe.

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7
Q

What ideas of Galileo were most threatening to the Catholic Church?

A

-Heaven wasn’t a spiritual world but instead a world of matter.
-Humans were not the center of the universe.
-God seemed to have no specific location.

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8
Q

What was Galileo’s most famous work entitled?

A

Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican.

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9
Q

“natural philosophers”

A

medieval scientists

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10
Q

The Empyrean Heaven

A

-The location of God and all the saved souls
-Thought to be located on the outmost edge of the universe

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11
Q

Alchemy & Hermetic magic

A

-factor in the origins of the Scientific Revolution
-View of the intellectual elite
-fueled the desire to control the natural world
-belief humans could use mathematical magic to dominate/control/understand/employ powers of nature

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12
Q

Tycho Brache

A

recorded accurate astronomical data that made possible the discoveries of Kepler

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13
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

-discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion
-confirmed and modified the Copernican theory

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14
Q

William Harvey

A

-wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
-demonstrated,
- same blood flows in both veins and arteries
-blood makes a complete circle as it passes through the body
-laid foundations for modern physiology

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15
Q

Robert Boyle

A

-one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments.
-Boyle’s law which states that the volume of gas depends on the pressure applied to it. He believed that matter was composed of atoms.

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16
Q

Antoine Lavoisier

A

-invented a system of naming the chemical elements
-demonstrated the rules of chemical combos
-founder of modern chemistry

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17
Q

Epicycles

A

-small circle or circular orbit that itself moves along a much larger circular orbit

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18
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

-theorized the heliocentric or sun-centered conception of the universe
-proposed the Copernican System
-this system was presented in his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
-for more info, read p.479-481

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19
Q

The Starry Messenger

A

-written by Galileo
-revealed planets were not perfect or unable to change but made of similar substances to Earth

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20
Q

The Inquisition

A

-the Catholic Church condemned Copernicanism and ordered Galileo to reject his thesis
-the Copernican system threatened Scripture and the way people viewed the universe
-Galileo did not accept his condemnation
-Galileo published Dialogue which was a defense of the Copernican System
-Galieo found gulity of teaching condemned Copernican system
-forced to recant his ‘errors’

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21
Q

Isaac Newton

A

-wrote Principa
-invented Calculus
- his universal law of gravitation was able to explain all motion in the universe
-first to develop a theory that combined the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo to form a new understanding of the universe
-three laws of motion, aka the basic concepts of mechanics
- newton’s world machine p.488 or slide 27 of notes

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22
Q

Galen

A

-Greek physician
-lived in 2nd century C.E.
-teachings dominated the field of medicine in the late Middle Ages
-infulenced medieval medical world in anatomy, physiology, disease

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23
Q

Galen’s Doctrine of Four bodily humors

A

-blood-warm and moist
-yellow bile-warm and dry
-phlegm-cold and moist
-black bile-cold and dry

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24
Q

Paracelsus

A

-rejected Aristotle and Galen’s work
-believed a human being was a small replica of the larger world, aka the macromsicmic-microcosmic principle
-believed disease was due to chemical imbalances in a certain organs
-believed like cures like

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25
Q

“new drugs”

A

chemical remedies using the proper dosage of metals and minerals

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26
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A
  • believed in a hands-on methods of studying and teaching anatomy
    -his observations made clear the blood vessels came from the heart
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27
Q

Who wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body?

A

Andreas Vesalius

28
Q

William Harvey

A

-showed through tedious observation and experimentation that
-heart, NOT THE LIVER, was the beginning point of blood circulation
-blood flows through veins and arteries
-blood makes a complete circle through the body

29
Q

who wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood?

A

William Harvey

30
Q

Robert Boyle

A

-One of the 1st scientists to conduct controlled experiments
-Boyle’s law states:the volume of gas changes with the amount of pressure applied to it
-belived matter is composed of atoms

31
Q

Antoine Lavoisier

A

-showed fundamental rules for chemical combinations
-invented naming system for chemical elements, aka atoms
-his wife Anne Marie was his scientific collaborator, reminder women played a role in scientific advancments

32
Q

Margaret Cavendish

A

-aristocratic background made possible her informal education
-one of the most important female scientists of 17th century
-participated in pivotal scientific debates of her time
-attacked flaws of rationalist and empiricist approaches to gaining scientific knowledge
-DISAGREED that humans had the capability and the capacity to control nature

33
Q

Maria Sibylla Merian

A

-women in Germany (middle class or working class)were able to take part in observational science bc it was traditional for women to be involved in craft production
-example of female involvement in the Scientific Revolution bc of craft tradition
-important 18th century entomologist

34
Q

Maria Winkelmann

A

-most famous female astronomer in Germany
-discovered a comet
-denied assistant astronomer post at Berlin Academy
bc she was a woman and bc her lack of formal education

35
Q

Querelles des femmes

A

-arguments about the true nature of women
-(male opinion)women were seen as
prone to vice
easy to manipulate
believed to have a sexual desire that was impossible to satisfy

36
Q

René Descartes

A

-believed in a sharp contrast between mind and matter
-believed science must start with
clear and undeniable facts
-used deductive reasoning to prove his existence

37
Q

who wrote Discourse on Method?

A

René Descartes

38
Q

What is Cartesian dualism?

A

-duality between mind and matter
-divides all existence into the spiritual and the material
-spiritual side can only be examined through logic aka deductive reasoning
-material side through be studied through the experimental method

-using the human mind and mathematics can comprehend the material world because it a machine
-it is a machine governed by physical laws
-bc it was created by God the ‘great geometrician

39
Q

what is Rationalism?

A

Descartes theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge NOT on religious belief or emotional response.

40
Q

Who is the Father of Modern Rationalism?

A

Descartes

41
Q

Who said “I think therefore I am”?

A

Descartes

42
Q

What is meant by Descartes when he said, “I think therefore I am”?

A

-one fact was beyond doubt:his own existence
-Descartes said he would only accept the things his reason said were true

43
Q

Scientific method

A

the modern scientific method is based off of
-inductive method (Bacon))
-deductive method (Descartes)

44
Q

Who united Bacon’s empiricism and Descartes’s rationalism into a single scientific method?

A

Issac Newton

45
Q

Francis Bacon’s inductive method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Form a hypothesis
  3. Conduct experiments
  4. Organize data
46
Q

Who formalized the empirical method that had already been used by Brahe and Galileo?

A

Francis Bacon

47
Q

what is Empiricism

A

-idea all learning comes from only experience and observations
-scientific method that began with systematic observations and experiments
-general concepts could be tested and verified by concise experiments

48
Q

What did the Scientific Method NOT answer?

A

-why something happened
-purpose and meaning behind world of nature

this allowed religion to keep its importance in the 17th century

49
Q

Which Scientific Society was most important and famous?

A

English Royal Society

50
Q

Who said I think therefore I am?
What did he mean by this?

A

-he had no doubt could prove his own existence
-Descartes

51
Q

Why might monarchs (like Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France) have been keen on using state funding to support the establishment of scientific communities?

A

-made the state look more prestigious
-wanted to remain on the cutting edge of technology.

52
Q

why did science became so central to European thought and accepted pretty quickly?

A

-The educated merchants and elites of Europe gravitated towards new science because it offered new ways to exploit resources for profit
-Political interests used the new scientific view of the world to strengthen social stability
-Monarchies supported scientists for practical reasons like applying mathematical sciences to the development of their militaries

53
Q

English Royal Society

A

-formed from informal scientific meetings
-got little government support and encouragement
-fellows co-opted new members

54
Q

French Royal Academy of Sciences

A

-got immense support form the state
-was under government control its membered were appointed and got salaries from the state

55
Q

What was the true significance of the French and English scientific societies?

A

showed the benefits and success of science when scientists cooperated and collaborated with each other

56
Q

What was Journal des Savants

A
  • French Scientific Journal that published new scientific findings and general scientific knowledge
    -written for educated public and scientists
57
Q

What was Philosophical Transactions?

A

-published papers of scientific scholars
-readers were practicing scientists
-published by English Royal Society

58
Q

Who wrote Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner?

A

Benedict de Spinoza

59
Q

Who wrote Pensees?

A

Blaise Pascal

60
Q

What were Spinoza’s beliefs

A

-human beings are as much part of God or nature or universe as anything else
- everything has a rational explanation and humans are capable of finding it
- true freedom comes from understanding the order and necessity of nature
- to explain human emotions we need to analyze them as one would for example, the movement of planets

61
Q

What efforts did Blaise Pascal make to keep science and religion united?
Why did it fail?

A

-He tried to convert rationalists by appealing to their reason and emotion.
-He argued humans are frail creatures who are often failed by their own senses even though human nature involves thinking.
-He also tried to show that Christianity was not contrary to reason. In the end Pascal stated he would rely on faith because reason could only get you so far.

-Pascal’s goal failed because he refused to rely on the scientist’s world of order and rationalism to attract people to God.

62
Q

How did Spinoza disagree with Cartesian ideas?

A

-couldn’t accept the idea that mind and matter were separate.
-couldn’t accept God was infinite while the world of matter was finite according to Cartesian ideals
-He believed God was not simply the creator of the universe, he was the universe.
-Everything is in God and nothing can be separated from God (pantheism)

63
Q

What major changes did the scientific revolution bring about?

A

-advancements in scientific fields such as astronomy, chemistry, physiology, and anatomy
The geocentric world view was replaced with the heliocentric theory
-new concept of what the universe really was
-have planets with elliptical orbits and were made of material substance
-Newton put all the new astronomy ideas together with his universal law of gravitation
-Bacon and Descartes gave Europe the idea of separation of mind and matter
- belief that through reason humans could dominate and understand nature.

64
Q

What conflicts were either created or solved during this era?

A

-conflict between religion and science
-conflict furthered on the nature of women and their role in society
-conflict on to what extent God was involved with the universe
-conflict on whether or not humans have the ability to dominate or control nature
-conflict on the fact that humans were only a small part of an infinite universe

65
Q

How can the phrase “challenging authority” be applied to this time?

A

-Scientists and philosophers of this time questioned centuries of previous thought
-They questioned the beliefs of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen
-Galileo dared to challenge the Catholic Church on behalf of the Copernican theory
-Scientists and philosophers questioned God’s role in the universe and religion’s rightful place in relation to science

66
Q

Benedict de Spinoza’s pantheism

A

-He believed God was not simply the creator of the universe, he was the universe.
-Everything is in God and nothing can be separated from God

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