Chapter 14-Europe and the world: New Encounters Flashcards
who was Ferdinand Magellan
He was a Portuguese explorer who went in search of a passage through America. He was also the first person to circumnavigate the globe
Who funded Magellen’s trip to America
The king of Spain
Was Magellan’s trip succesful
yes, he found a strait through South America, however it was to far back around to Europe for it to be useful
what happened to Magellen
he was killed by natives in the Philippines
how many ships survived Magellens trip
1 out of 5
what were the main motives for Europe’s voyages in the Atlantic
God, Glory, and Gold
When was Europe exploring further west
1500-1800
what inspired some people to go on the voyages
Hearing stories, and reading books
when did Marco Polo visit the Mongols in Eastern Asia
1271
What happened in the 14th century that stifled overland travels to the east from Europe?
the conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the breakup of the Mongol Empire led to the closing of overland routes to the east from Europe.
Europe had a high demand for, and it was supplied by the east
spices
What is religious zeal
when someone is motivated or willing to do something due to religious reason
Why were the Spanish and Portuguese so interested in the business of crusades?
Because they felt obligated to spread the message of Jesus and convert people to christianity
Who was Henry the navigator
a Portuguese prince who sponsored the exploration of the coast of Africa in search of a Christian kingdom and ushered in a new era of European exploration
Who established a school of navigators on the southwestern coast of portugal
Prince Henry(henry the navigator) in 1419
who was Hernan Cortes
a Spanish conquistador who led Spain to conquer the Aztec empire of Moctezuma
what were portolani (portolan charts)
they were made by medieval navigators and mathematician, which were more useful than the schematic maps of medieval times.
what kind of details did Portolani (portolan charts) have
coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings
what was bad about portolan charts
they didn’t account for the curvature of the earth.
Who was Ptolmey
An astronomer from the second century who created the Geography, a book filled with maps of all three major landmasses of the time (Europe,Asia, and Africa) and two oceans, however he underestimated the circumfrence of the earth
what improvements of shipbuilding were made at the time
The Portuguese caravel. axial rudder and Lateen sails with rope-riggings
Which kingdom was an early leader in navigation and expansion
Portugese Empire
Where did Portugal set up it’s trading posts
along the coasts East and West Africa India, Philippine Islands, China, South America
who was Bartholomew Dias
a Portuguese sea captain who was able to successfully sail around the Cape of Good Hope(bottom of Africa)
Vasco de gama
He completed an all-water expedition to India in 1498 causing huge demand for Indian goods in Europe, which helped cut off the Italian monopoly
Goa
The headquarters for Portuguese operations in spice trade on the western coast of India.
Why was Goa created
to monopolize on the spice trade
Malacca
a city in the Malay peninsula that was a major stopping point in the spice trade
Who led the establishment of Goa and the conquering of Malacca
Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque
What allowed the Portuguese to be so successful on the high seas
guns and seamanship
Where did the Spanish set up their oversea colonies
South America and part of North America
Why did the Spanish set up oversea colonies
to find access to the indies
who funded Columbus’s voyage
Queen Isabella of Spain
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the New World into Spanish and Portugese territories, by drawing a North-South line, Portugal had exclusive access to the African Slave trade, and Brazil, while Spain took the rest of the Americas
What allowed the Conquistadors to excel in taking over new lands
superior weapons, organizational skills, determination, rivalries among the natives and decimation of natives by european diseases
Did the Aztecs and the multiple dozens of other tribes in the New World get along with one another
some of the tribes sided with Spain to rebel against the oppressive rule of the Aztecs
What was the relationship between Montezuma and Cortes
Moctezuma thought that Cortés was a representative of a god who had left centuries ago and had promised to return to the Aztecs, so he let the Spainard into the city, and gave them gold, making it easy for them to take over
where was the major Aztec city
Lake Texcoco (modern-day mexico city)
where was the major Inca city
Cuzco (in the mountains of Peru)
Who was the Inca leader
Pachakuti
What is mercantilism?
Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds that a nation’s worth depends on its supply of gold and silver and that the total importance of trade is unchangeable.
How is mercantilism fundamentally different from capitalism
Mercantilism advocates that the government plays an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. capitalism advocates for the controlling of the country’s trade and industry by private owners, rather than the state
What is a Joint-Stock company?
A company or an association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investments while a board of directors runs the company
Which European power was the closest to being a capitalist economy?
Amsterdam
Why weren’t European countries considered 100% Capitalist?
Most of the European economy depended on an agriculture system that had changed very little since the thirteenth century
Who were the winners and losers of the price revolution and its economic shift?
Losers were the low-middle-class wage workers that did not own land. Winners were the high-class Douchbags that owned land and “leased” it to the poor
What is inflation?
Inflation is the dramatic rise in the cost of goods and services.
What was the “price revolution”
The dramatic rise in prices that occurred throughout Europe during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate are examples of what?
Cultural innovation was brought about by the expansion of Europe.
what disease killed the most native Americans
Smallpox
Who created the Treaty of Tordesillas?
pope Leo the fifth
what happened at the battle of Plassey
a British force of three-thousand men defeated a Mughal-led army that was ten times its size
What is the encomienda system
a social and economic system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers
What was the intention of the encomienda system
to support the Native Americans,
What was the problem with the encomienda system
since they were so far away from Spain, they could ignore the intention and brutally use the Natives for their own interests
what group opposed the mistreatment of the Natives
the dominican friars
who were two major advocates for the fixing of the ecomienda system
Antón Montecino and Bartolomé de Las Casas
What replaced the encomienda system
an administrative system based on viceroys
what two sections were Spanish territories divided into
New Spain and Peru, each governed by viceroys
who advised viceroys
audiencias
who took over the Portuguese trading posts on the coast of Africa in the mid 1600s
The Dutch
What is a Boer
a duch farmer
where did the Dutch East India Company set up shop
outside of Cape Town because of the area’s moderate climate and freedom from tropical diseases
what drove the Atlantic Slave Trade beginning in the late 15th century
European colonies running out of native laborers to help on sugar plantations and inc silver mines
When did talks of abolishing slavery begin
1770s
what group of people was the first to oppose slavery
the Society of Friends (quakers)
