germination

Question 1

what do seeds need for germination

Answer 1

correct environmental cues

Question 2

what first comes out of the seed

Answer 2

the root

Question 3

what becomes the seed coat

Answer 3

the integument

Question 4

how many sperm nuclei are in angiosperms

Answer 4

two, causes double fertilization

Question 5

what forms endosperm

Answer 5

sperm uniting with polar nuclei

Question 6

embryo sac

Answer 6

female gametophyte

Question 7

protoderm

Answer 7

outside layer of plant body

Question 8

what surrounds the embryo

Answer 8

endosperm

Question 9

procambium

Answer 9

gives rise to vascular tissues including xylem and phloem

Question 10

microphyle

Answer 10

opening into ovule for sperm tube

Question 11

megasporocyte function

Answer 11

goes through meiosis to form haploids in angiosperms

Question 12

gymnosperm properties

Answer 12

don’t have ovaries, megasporocyte turns into female gametophytes which is the food source

Question 13

apical meristem

Answer 13

where mitosis occurs

Question 14

radicle

Answer 14

root tip

Question 15

hypocotyl

Answer 15

stem below cotyledon

Question 16

how many cotyledons do monocots have

Answer 16

one

Question 17

scutellum

Answer 17

cotyledon

Question 18

germination defintion

Answer 18

series of complex processes which initiate growth, begins with imbibition, followed by increased respiration, results in emergence of radicle (embryonic root)

Question 19

what happens when the seed coat is broken down during imbibition

Answer 19

acid is released causing amylase to be released, amylase converts starch to sugar

Question 20

eudicot properties

Answer 20

two cotyledons in seed for food storage

have epigeous germination, where the hypocotyl elongates, and cotyledons are above the ground

Question 21

monocot properties

Answer 21

one cotyledon, large endosperm not absorbed by cotyledon stays in seed for food storage

have hypogeous germination where the epicotyl elongates, and the cotyledon remains below the ground

Question 22

dormancy

Answer 22

delay in germination

Question 23

primary dormancy

Answer 23

when seed is not immediately able to germinate after ripening or harvest

Question 24

secondary dormancy

Answer 24

when seed is exposed to extreme stress and dormancy is induced

Question 25

physiological dormancy

Answer 25

specific treatment must be given to embryo in order to initiate growth

steps include stratification, soaking after ripening

Question 26

serotiny

Answer 26

use of fire to help growth occur

Question 27

physical or seed coat dormancy

Answer 27

when a hard seed coat prevents imbibition

Question 28

scarification

Answer 28

method to damage the seed coat

Question 29

plant reproduction

Answer 29

is vegetative (no meiosis), seeds produced asexually (no meiosis or partial meiosis) or sexually (meiosis)

Question 30

stolons and rhizomes

Answer 30

stolons are aboveground modified stems

rhizomes are underground modified stems

Question 31

division of bulbs/cormels

Answer 31

underground rosette stems, includes onions and tulips

Question 32

suckers

Answer 32

formation of buds on roots near the surface

Question 33

clonal fragmentation

Answer 33

when plant pieces form independent plants

Question 34

plantelets

Answer 34

little plants on the edge of leaves

Question 35

bulbis

Answer 35

tiny bulblike organs produces in inflorescences or leaf axils

Question 36

agamospermy

Answer 36

production of seeds asexually, no meiosis or partial meiosis, includes raspberries, grasses, dandelions

Question 37

parthenogenesis

Answer 37

diploid embryo sac/ somatic cell divides into embryo