seedless vascular plants

Question 1

vascular plants that don’t produce seeds:

Answer 1

club mosses (lycophytes) and ferns

Question 2

dominant generation:

Answer 2

sporophyte body, is larger and more branched, becomes independent, main photosynthetic plant, produces multiple sporangia

Question 3

what vascular tissue arises?

Answer 3

tracheids, true stems, leaves, and roots

Question 4

leaves of vascular plants:

Answer 4

have veins, bilateral symmetry, definite stem arrangement, determinate growth, divide into microphylls and megaphylls (lots of branching)

Question 5

how do megaphylls develop

Answer 5

more photosynthetic tissue around veins, megaphylls combine the microphylls

Question 6

spore function

Answer 6

dispersal

Question 7

gametophyte/sporophyte relation

Answer 7

independent gametophyte, dominant sporophyte

Question 8

when did lycophytes, pteridophytes, and progymnosperms dominant

Answer 8

carboniferous period 360 million years ago

Question 9

club mosses -

Answer 9

don’t produce eggs and sperm, produce spores that get released into atmosphere. only 1000 species,

have microphylls (leaf with one vein),

homosporous (gametophyte produces male and female)

hetrosporous (produces microspore which is male gametophyte and megaspore which produces egg)

clustered sporangia

Question 10

club moss life cycle:

Answer 10

spore grows into gametophyte, eggs and flagellated sperm produced through mitosis, fertilization produces sporophyte, which eventually results in a strobilus

Question 11

spike moss -

Answer 11

heterosporous, two different types of spores, sporangia on undersisdes of leaf, spores released to produce microspores and megaspores, strobilus = cone

Question 12

sole genus of spike moss

Answer 12

selaginella

Question 13

resurrection plants -

Answer 13

can rehydrate themselves, spike moss is an example

Question 14

quillworts -

Answer 14

mostly aquatic and semi aqautic, heterosporous, sporangia found at the base of the root

Question 15

pteridophyta -

Answer 15

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

have many sporangia that form clusters

Question 16

fern life cycle -

Answer 16

homosporous or heterosporous, frond is the photosynthetic part, sori are clusters of sporagnia, heart shaped gametophyte (prothallus) megaphyll leaves

Question 17

young frond

Answer 17

fiddlehead

Question 18

parts of a frond -

Answer 18

stipe (stem), blade (lamina), rachis (midrib of blade), pinna (leaflet), costa (midrib of pinna)

have three levels of division (tripinnate)

sterile or fertile (contain sori)

Question 19

how do ferns release spores -

Answer 19

they dry up and break open, sporangia held together by annulus or indusium

Question 20

false indusia -

Answer 20

part of blade material is flipped over

Question 21

sensitive ferns

Answer 21

sterile fronds die right away

Question 22

types of ferns

Answer 22

marsilea - water fern, frond has four parts
azolla- has pockets of cyanobacteria
cyathea - tree fern

Question 23

problematic ferns

Answer 23

bracken and giant salvinia

Question 24

horsetails

Answer 24

have modified leaves (megaphylls), have strobili that produce spores, stems have silica deposits, megaphylls are reduced, can have whorled branches or unwhorled branches

spores produced by meiosis contain elaters

Question 25

whisk fern -

Answer 25

include psilotum and timesipteris, don’t have true roots or leaves, have rhizoids, enations (scales) are present, sporangia form clusters of three

Question 26

psiloutum gamteophyte characteristic

Answer 26

relies on endophytic fungus