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Psychology > Chapter 1: Science of Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Science of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the field of psychology an older science?

A

No, it Is a newer field.

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2
Q

Who is the father of psychology and when?

A

William Wundt in 1879.

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3
Q

What did William Wundt come up with?

A

Structuralism (structure/basic elements of mind)

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4
Q

Structuralism example

A

Chocolate bar smells sweet, has lines, can be broken up, is smooth

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5
Q

What did William James come up with?

A

Functionalism (how mind thinks, works)

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6
Q

Gestalt principle

A

View whole figure instead of parts

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7
Q

Gestalt example

A

You hear the melody of the song, not each note

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8
Q

What did Freud come up with?

A

Psychoanalysis (unconscious part of our brain causes conflicts)

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9
Q

What did Pavlov and Watson come up with?

A

Behaviorism (behavior is learned/observed)

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10
Q

What was the Little Albert experiment?

A

An infant was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat (learned)

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11
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Based on psychoanalysis, less sexual, unconscious

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12
Q

What is the behavioral perspective?

A

Operant conditioning, reinforcement of an action

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13
Q

Give an example of the behavioral perspective

A

A child cries, a mother gives approval, so the child cries in the future because she rewarded him with approval

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14
Q

What is the humanistic perspective (third force)?

A

Free will and self actualization, “all people are good”

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15
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

How people think and/or problem solve

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16
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective?

A

Impact of social interactions, culture, or society

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17
Q

What is an example of the sociocultural perspective?

A

Two twins, one raised in the US and the other in Africa would behave completely different.

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18
Q

What is the biopsychological perspective?

A

Biological bases of behavior/mental processes

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19
Q

Give an example of the biopsychological perspective?

A

Dementia/Alzheimers is due to genetics

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20
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective?

A

Biological bases for characteristics shared by all humans, evolution

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21
Q

Give an example of the evolutionary perspective?

A

All humans are scared of snakes

22
Q

What is a correlation?

A

A relationship between 2 or more variables, does not imply causation

23
Q

What does the correlation coefficient tell you?

A

R = The direction and strength of relation/line

24
Q

When do you have a positive correlation?

A

When both variables are moving in the same direction.

25
Q

Give an example of a positive correlation

A

Those who eat more will gain weight

26
Q

When do you have a negative correlation?

A

If variables are moving in opposite directions.

27
Q

Give an example of a negative correlation

A

Those with high self esteem have a low chance of developing depression

28
Q

What is a third variable?

A

An unknown factor that affects an experiment

29
Q

Give an example of a third variable

A

Churches cause crime, third variable is the population of city making crime higher

30
Q

When can you imply causation?

A

Experimentation

31
Q

What did Plato come up with?

A

Rationalism (understanding the world)

32
Q

What perspective does a psychologist use?

A

Multiple perspectives

33
Q

What did Aristotle come up with?

A

Empiricism (direct observation explain the world)

34
Q

Give an example of empiricism

A

The sky is blue, blue is calming, blue is the color of bird feathers, blue is sad

35
Q

What is a psychiatrist?

A

They go to medical school, can diagnose and treat patients with medicine

36
Q

What is a psychologist?

A

Someone who has a doctorate degree

37
Q

What is a counselor/therapist?

A

They have a master degree in counseling

38
Q

What is the observer effect?

A

When participants are observed, they act different

39
Q

What is observer bias?

A

The researcher only “sees” what they are looking for

40
Q

What is courtesy bias from a survey?

A

When a participant lies to answer the question “correctly”

41
Q

Give an example of courtesy bias

A

Have you been flossing, participant lies and says yes

42
Q

What is a disadvantage of a case study?

A

The results cannot always be generalized because it’s specific to that person

43
Q

What group gets the independent variable?

A

The experimental group

44
Q

What group is given no/neutral treatment?

A

The control group

45
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Expectations of participants can influence their behavior so they are given a “false treatment”

46
Q

Give an example of a placebo

A

A sugar pill

47
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

When random assignment is not possible due to logic/ethical reasons

48
Q

Give an example of a quasi experiment

A

Pregnant women and alcohol, you would not give them alcohol because that is not ethical

49
Q

How are psychological studies approved?

A

By an IRB

50
Q

What is a single blind experiment?

A

When the participants don’t know what group they are put in

51
Q

What is a double blind experiment?

A

When the participants/experimenter don’t know what group they are put in

Psychology (12 decks)

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