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Psychology > Chapter 7: Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is mental imagery?

A

Representations that stand for objects or events and have picture-like quality

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2
Q

Give and example of mental imagery

A

Map of locations (mountains, rocks, villages, etc.)

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3
Q

What are concepts?

A

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, and activities

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4
Q

What are superordinate concepts?

A

Most general form of a concept, members are minimally similar

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5
Q

Give an example of a superordinate concept

A

Furniture

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6
Q

What are basic concepts?

A

Highest class that can be represented by a single mental image

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7
Q

What are subordinate concepts?

A

Members are less distinct from one another

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7
Q

Give an example of a basic concept

A

Chair

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8
Q

Give an example of a subordinate concept

A

Rocking chair

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9
Q

What are formal concepts?

A

Defined by specific rules or features

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10
Q

Give an example of a formal concept

A

A square has 4 equal sides, and 4 90 degree angles

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11
Q

What are natural concepts?

A

Formed as a result of experience in the real world

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12
Q

Give an example of a natural concept

A

Is a platypus a bird or a fish? We would not know if we wouldn’t have been taught it

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13
Q

What is problem solving?

A

Thinking and behaving in certain ways to reach a goal

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14
Q

What is trial and error problem solving?

A

Trying one possible solution after another until a successful one is found

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15
Q

Give an example of trial and error problem solving

A

Trying to log in into a website account with different passwords

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16
Q

What is algorithm problem solving?

A

Step by step strategies that guarantee a solution, but may be time-consuming

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17
Q

Give an example of algorithm problem solving

A

Solving a derivative in calculus using chain rule

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18
Q

What is heuristic problem solving?

A

Saving time by skipping steps to solve a problem, may not lead to solution

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19
Q

Give an example of heuristic problem solving

A

Looking for your keys in a house by only looking in places your keys would accurately be in

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20
Q

What is means-end analysis?

A

Breaking down a large goal into smaller, more manageable goals

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21
Q

Give an example of means-end analysis

A

Essay due: research –> making outline –> writing intro paragraph –> essay

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22
Q

What is working backwards?

A

Starting with desired outcome and working backwards to current situation

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23
Q

Give an example of working backwards

A

Going to college to get a degree to become nurse

24
Q

What is searching for analogies?

A

Employ same kind of strategies used to solve similar problems

25
Q

Give example of searching for analogies

A

Fixing NASA telescope to get clearer, better quality pictures

25
Q

What is modifying your representation of the problem?

A

Focusing on different aspects of the problem

26
Q

Give an example of modifying your representation of the problem

A

Landing Apollo 13 by focusing on what parts of the shuttle were working, not ones that weren’t

27
Q

_____ amounts of knowledge an expert has about their area increases their ______ ______.

A

Enormous, chunking capacity

28
Q

What is insight?

A

“Sudden” realization regarding the solution to a problem, “AHA moment”

29
Q

What is the process of the aha moment?

A

Alter assumptions about solutions, conceive of problem differently, and receive new connections among facts

30
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

Failure to use familiar objects in novel ways

31
Q

Give example of functional fixedness

A

Using a shoe to put a nail in the wall if you don’t have a hammer

32
Q

What is mental set?

A

Tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked in the past

33
Q

What are availability heuristics?

A

Making judgements about certain outcomes based on how easily we can produce examples of outcome

34
Q

Give an example of availability heuristics

A

Wanting to buy the same kind of car as your friend, but your friend says the gas mileage is not good so you do not buy the car

35
Q

What are representativeness heuristics?

A

Judging probability based one how well an option seems to exhibit representative characteristics

36
Q

Give an example of representativeness heuristics

A

Base rate

37
Q

What is base rate?

A

Prevalence of a trait in the target population

38
Q

Give an example of base rate

A

Do plumbers or librarians write more poetry? Plumbers do because there are more plumbers in the population than librarians though they would write more poetry

39
Q

What is the gambler’s fallacy?

A

Mistaken belief that the probabilities of independent events are actually related

40
Q

Give an example of the gambler’s fallacy

A

Flipping a coin and thinking it’s going to land on tails because it has landed on tails the past two times even tho the coin is always going to land on heads/tails 50% of the time

41
Q

What is anchoring and adjustment?

A

Establishing baseline for evaluation and adjusting one’s judgment according to that baseline

42
Q

Give an example of anchoring and adjustment

A

Asking subjects how long they think the Mississippi River is after giving them two different baselines

43
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

People’s confidence in their own knowledge and ability exceeds their actual knowledge and ability

44
Q

Give an example of overconfidence

A

Putting on makeup in the car because they believe that they are a good enough driver to do so

45
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

We tend to see what we expect to see because we tend to search only for evidence that supports their hunch (not contradicts)

46
Q

Give an example of confirmation bias

A

Believing in having a “hot hand” in basketball, cannot miss a shot and disregarding scientific evidence that a “hot hand” cannot exist

47
Q

What is decision making?

A

Evaluating alternative actions and choosing the appropriate one

48
Q

What is bounded rationality?

A

When we cannot know everything there is to know about a situation, we are rational within the boundaries of knowledge

49
Q

What is elimination by aspects?

A

Focusing on key aspects and eliminating all alternatives that do not meet criteria

50
Q

Give an example of elimination by aspects

A

Buying a house based on price, age of house, etc.

51
Q

What is satisficing?

A

Choosing the first alternative that satisfies our needs

51
Q

Give an example of satisficing

A

Buying the first house that meets criteria without looking at all options

52
Q

What is creativity?

A

Solving problems by combining ideas and behavior in new ways

53
Q

What is convergent production?

A

Correct response

54
Q

What is divergent production?

A

Possible response

55
Q

Creativity may be _____ through training

A

Improved

56
Q

What are creative characteristics?

A

Above average intelligence, not afraid to be different, and value independence

Psychology (12 decks)

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