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Psychology > Chapter 8: Development Across the Lifespan > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

What is human development?

A

Changes that occur in people from conception until death

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2
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

Assess the same group across time

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3
Q

What is a cross-sectional design?

A

Assess groups of differing ages at the same time

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4
Q

What is nature?

A

Biological, specifically genetic, influences on development

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5
Q

What is nuture?

A

Environmental and experimental influences on development

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6
Q

What is genetics?

A

The science of heredity

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A

Molecule that contains genetic material, double helix

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8
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of DNA

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9
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Strand of genes

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10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?

A

23 pairs, 46 total

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11
Q

How many pairs of autosome chromosomes do we have?

A

22 pairs

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12
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do we have?

A

1 pair

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13
Q

What are the female chromosomes?

A

XX

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14
Q

What are the male chromosomes?

A

XY

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15
Q

What are genetic traits?

A

Characteristics determined by genes (ex: eye color)

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16
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic endowment (Aa)

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17
Q

When is a phenotype?

A

How those genes are expressed (brown eyes)

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18
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

Genes that are always expressed (A)

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19
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

Genes that will only be expressed when both genes in the pair are the same (aa)

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20
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg

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21
Q

What is the germinal period?

A

0-2 weeks, zygote implants itself into the wall of the uterus, placenta and umbilical cord developed

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22
Q

What is the embryo period?

A

2-8 weeks, major organs and structures develop, vulnerable to teratogens (alcohol, caffeine, marijuana)

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23
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

9 weeks to birth, growth of baby

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24
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Innate, involuntary behavior patterns

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25
Q

What is the most fully developed sense of a baby?

A

Touch

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26
Q

____ voices are preferred over other sounds

A

Human

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27
Q

What smells do babies prefer?

A

Their own mother

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28
Q

What is the least developed sense of a baby?

A

Vision

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29
Q

Babies prefer ____ patterns like faces

A

Complex

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30
Q

When do babies lift their heads up?

A

At 2 months

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31
Q

When do babies roll over?

A

At 2.5 months

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32
Q

When do babies sit propped up?

A

At 3 months

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33
Q

When do babies sit without support?

A

At 6 months

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34
Q

When do babies stand holding on?

A

At 6.5 months

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35
Q

When do babies walk holding on?

A

At 9 months

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36
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of a schema?

A

Mental framework (apple is red and round)

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37
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of assimilation?

A

Fitting new objects, events, etc. in existing schema

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38
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of accomodation?

A

Modifying a schema to fit new events, objects, etc.

39
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Ages 0-2, motor skills are coordinated with sensory abilites to explore novel objects and situations

40
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Few memories under 4 years of age due to long term memory development

41
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding objects exist even when they are not in sight

42
Q

What is the preoperative stage?

A

Ages 2-7, representation or symbolic thought and onset of language development

43
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Inability to see world from any perspective but one’s own

44
Q

What is transductive reasoning?

A

Believing that if two events occur together, one must cause the other

45
Q

Give an example of transductive reasoning

A

Child hears dog bark and sees a train, child may think the train comes because the dog barks

46
Q

What is centration of attention?

A

Focus on one aspect of a situation at a time

47
Q

What is states vs processes?

A

Focus on current conditions without thinking of transitions

48
Q

What is irreversibility of thought?

A

Can’t think backwards from a present state to a previous state

49
Q

What is the concrete operations stage?

A

Ages 7-12, logical but only about concrete concepts, can do conservation and classification tasks

50
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Thinking about one’s own thought processes

51
Q

What is the formal operations stage?

A

Ages 12-adulthood, hypothetical reasoning and abstract possibilities

52
Q

What is Vygotsky’s view?

A

The interaction of nature vs nuture, readiness to learn falls in the “zone of proximal development”

53
Q

What is temperament?

A

Characteristic ways of responding to the environment that vary from infant to infant

54
Q

Give 4 types of temperament

A

Easy, slow to warm up, difficult, other temperaments

55
Q

What is attachment?

A

Strong, specific emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

56
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test?

A

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized-disoriented

57
Q

What is the secure attachment style?

A

Strong preference for caregivers, but not for over-dependence

58
Q

What is the avoidant attachment style?

A

Unresponsive to caregiver’s departure or return; no interaction with stranger

59
Q

What is the ambivalent attachment style?

A

Seek and then avoid caregiver; upset by stranger

60
Q

What is the disorganized-disoriented attachment style?

A

Fearful, dazed, and depressed

61
Q

What are Erikson’s 4 theories?

A

Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, and industry vs. inferiority

62
Q

What is the Trust vs. mistrust theory?

A

Ages 0-1, based on their needs being met

63
Q

What is the Autonomy vs. shame and doubt theory?

A

Ages 1-3, self-sufficiency

64
Q

What is the Initiative vs. guilt theory?

A

Ages 3-5, social skills

65
Q

What is the Industry vs. inferiority?

A

Ages 5-12, new skills and knowledge

66
Q

What is self-concept?

A

The way in which we view ourselves

67
Q

What is self-understanding?

A

The perception of ourselves (our likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses)

68
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

How much we value ourselves

69
Q

What is gender identity?

A

Our beliefs about proper behavior and attitudes for men and women

70
Q

What is puberty?

A

Physical onset of sexual maturity

71
Q

What is adolescence?

A

Culturally-determined state between childhood and adulthood

72
Q

What is personal fable?

A

Adolescents tend to believe their thoughts and feelings are unique, causing them to feel “special,” leads to risk taking

73
Q

What is imaginary audience?

A

Strong focus oneself leads adolescents to feel that everyone else is focused on them too

74
Q

What are the 3 levels of moral development?

A

Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional

75
Q

What is the pre-conventional level?

A

Right and wrong are judged in terms of reward and punishment

76
Q

What is conventional level?

A

Right and wrong are judged in terms of societal good

77
Q

What is post-conventional level?

A

Morality is judged on universal principles

78
Q

What does physical development look like in your 20’s?

A

Peak of physical health

79
Q

What does physical development look like in your 30’s?

A

Signs of aging

80
Q

What does physical development look like in your 40’s?

A

Visual problems, weight increase, strength and height decrease

81
Q

What does physical development look like in your 50’s?

A

Menopause and symptoms of andropause

82
Q

What are the leading causes of death in middle age?

A

Heart disease, cancer, and strokes

83
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Attention and memory capacity, declines with age

84
Q

What is crystalized intelligence?

A

Accumulated information and vocabulary, improves with age

85
Q

What are Erikson’s 3 stages of adulthood?

A

Intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair

86
Q

What is the Intimacy vs. isolation theory?

A

Young adults

87
Q

What is the Generativity vs. stagnation theory?

A

Middle age

88
Q

What is the Integrity vs. despair theory?

A

Old age

89
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Identity vs. Role Confusion?

A

Achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion

90
Q

What is achievement?

A

Successful resolution of crisis

91
Q

What is moratorium?

A

In the midst of crisis that has not yet been resolved

92
Q

What is foreclosure?

A

Identity assumed without going through crisis

93
Q

What is diffusion?

A

No identity and no interest in searching for one

Psychology (12 decks)

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