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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 3: Cells/Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells/Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

1) cells are the basic units of all living things
2) cells are the building blocks of all living things
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells
4) all cells must maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

light microscope

A

magnification of 500x-1000x; see the outside of cells and tissues

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3
Q

a beam of electrons; infinite magnification; see inside of cells and organelles

A

electron magniscope

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4
Q

holds chromosomes and genes; controls the cell

A

nucleus

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5
Q

cytosol and organelles; contains everything inside the cell

A

cytoplasm

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6
Q

only the fluid inside the cell

A

cytosol

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7
Q

liquid barrier of the cell; can not be crossed without “doors”; determines what goes in and out of the cell

A

cell/plasma membrane

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8
Q

fluid outside of the cell

A

extracellular fluid

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9
Q

fluid between cells

A

interstitual fluid

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10
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A

-physical isolation with its external environment
-regulates what goes in and out of the cell
-sensitivity to the environment(ability to make changes)
-structural support

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11
Q

structure of the cell membrane

A

the structure is a phospholipid bilayer with outer edges being polar phosphate heads; these are connected to 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails; this causes the membrane to be impermeable because almost nothing can cross the polar phosphate heads and nonpolar fatty acid tails

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12
Q

what is the cell membrane made of?

A

3 macromolecules: 2 carbohydrates, 2 lipids, and 2 proteins

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13
Q

what are the two substances that can fit through the cell membrane? explain

A

O2 and CO2; they are small enough to pass through the phosphate heads and are nonpolar, which fits them through the tails

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14
Q

what does cholesterol do for the cell membrane?

A

it controls the flipping of the —

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15
Q

what are the two types of proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

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16
Q

proteins that span the entire cell membrane; in contact with both cytose and extracellular fluid

A

integral proteins

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17
Q

proteins found on either the inside or outside surface of the cell membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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18
Q

which functions of the cell membrane proteins use integral proteins?

A

receptor, transport, and structural proteins

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19
Q

which functions of the cell membrane proteins use peripheral proteins?

A

enzymes and structural proteins

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20
Q

which function of the cell membrane proteins uses both integral and peripheral?

A

structural proteins

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21
Q

attach/receive substances(ex. hormones) and force the cell to do something

A

receptor proteins

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22
Q

move substances from one side of the membrane to another(has carrier and channel proteins too)

A

transport proteins

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23
Q

transport proteins that are completely open and move lots of substances at a time

A

channel proteins

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24
Q

transport proteins that have only one part open at a time and move a small/controlled amount of a substance at a time

A

carrier proteins

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25
Q

speed up reactions

A

enzymes

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26
Q

proteins from one cell membrane are attached to proteins of another cell(can also have peripheral proteins attached to a cytoskeleton)

A

structural proteins

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27
Q

what are the two types of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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28
Q

attached to the lipid part of the membrane on the outside surface

A

glycolipids

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29
Q

attached to the protein part of the membrane on the outer surface

A

glycoproteins

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30
Q

functions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

ID tags, cell-to-cell recognition, “gang signs”

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31
Q

what are the types of transport across the cell membrane?

A

passive, active, and vesicular

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32
Q

random movement of a substance from an area of high to low concentration without the use of energy; moves with the gradient

A

passive transport

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33
Q

types of passive transport

A

diffusion, facilitative diffusion, and osmosis

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34
Q

moves from high to low, requires no energy or help from membrane proteins(ex. O2 and CO2 because they are small enough and nonpolar)

A

diffusion

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35
Q

diffusion that requires help from membrane proteins; high to low; does not require energy; ex. glucose, fatty acid, amino acid, K+, Na+, Ca+2, Cl-

A

facilitative diffusion

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36
Q

movement of water from an area of free available water to an area of lower free available water without energy; requires help from membrane protein aquaporin

A

osmosis

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37
Q

solution has a higher number of solutes than the other side (osmosis)

A

hypertonic solution

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38
Q

solution that has a lower number of solutes than the other side (osmosis)

A

hypotonic solution

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39
Q

solution that has the same number of solutes on both sides (osmosis)

A

isotonic

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40
Q

when an RBC bursts

A

hemolysis

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41
Q

when a cell shrinks/gets smaller

A

crenation

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42
Q

moves from low to high concentration against the gradient; uphill; requires energy and help from a membrane/carrier protein; ex. Na+ pump, H+ pump, Na+-K+ pump

A

active transport

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43
Q

movement of larger substances in and out of the cell without crossing the membrane

A

vesicular transport

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44
Q

types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis) and exocytosis

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45
Q

bringing in larger substances without crossing the membrane; uses pseudo pods; ex. WBC engulfing bacteria

A

phagocytosis

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46
Q

bringing in small and nonspecific substances; “cell sipping”

A

pinocytosis

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47
Q

bring in small and specific substances; ex. cholesterol, anemia

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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48
Q

substances going out of the cell; cell size gets bigger

A

exocytosis

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49
Q

little “organs”(not made of tissue) inside the cell

A

organelles

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50
Q

cytoskeleton(microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules), ribosomes(free, fixed), microvilli, cilla, flagella, and proteasomes

A

non membranous organelles

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51
Q

ER(smooth, rough), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus

A

membraneous organelles

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52
Q

thinnest part of cytoskeleton; usally found under the cell membrane; used for attachment of structures to the cell membrane

A

microfilaments

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53
Q

thicker part of the cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filaments

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54
Q

thickest fibers of the cytoskeleton; used for structure of the cell; used to transport organelles and hold them in place; used to transport chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis (not all cells have these and cannot repair if they don’t)

A

microtubules

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55
Q

produce proteins

A

ribosomes

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56
Q

found in cytosol; make proteins for the cell

A

free ribosomes

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57
Q

found on the ER; makes proteins that leave the cell through exocytosis

A

fixed ribosomes

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58
Q

extension of the cell membrane; more surface area; has folds for more places to move substances across the cell membrane; ex. cells lining the small intestine

A

microvilli

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59
Q

extension of the cell membrane; used to move substances across the outer membrane

A

cilla

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60
Q

tail-like extension of the cell membrane; moves the cell

A

flagella

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61
Q

hollow structure filled with enzymes called proteases

A

proteasomes

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62
Q

ribbon-like structure attached to the nucleus; functions: synthesis of substances(proteins, lipids, carbs), stores substances, detoxification

A

ER(endoplasmic reticulum)

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63
Q

synthesizes proteins and stores them; generally makes proteins for vesicles or exocytosis

A

rough ER

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64
Q

produce lipids(fats, phospholipids, and steroids) and carbs(long chains of glycogen); ex. RBCs

A

smooth ER

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65
Q

5-6 flattened disks; takes structures made in ER and modifies them; makes 3 types of vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

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66
Q

types of vesicles made by the golgi apparatus

A

lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane renewal vesicles

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67
Q

releases some sort of secretion(sweat, hormones, enzymes) to the outside of the cell

A

secretory vesicle

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68
Q

reproduces cell membrane

A

membrane renewal vesicle

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69
Q

membrane bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes such as proteases and nucleases; stays inside of the cell; destroys old/damaged organelles

A

lysosomes

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70
Q

much smaller than lysosomes; break up fats, fatty acids, and lipids(doing this produces peroxide, which is a free radical); also produces an enzyme to break down peroxide

A

peroxisomes

71
Q

contains a 2 lipid bilayer; produces ATP

A

mitochondria

72
Q

stages of _____________
1) Glycolysis
2)Kreb’s Cycle
3)ETC(electron transport chain)

A

aerobic respiration

73
Q

cut glucose in half; done in cytosol

A

glycolysis

74
Q

strip all H’s off of glucose, pump H’s into ETC in inner mitochondrial membrane; makes 95% of ATP; located inside of the mitochondria; takes 2 pyruvates and sucks up all of the H’s

A

Kreb’s Cycle

75
Q

use H+’s from Kreb’s Cycle to make ATP

A

ETC(electron transport chain)

76
Q

how is ATP made?

A

ADP+P_1

77
Q

contains all of the chromosomes(46 total, 23 pairs); contains neoplasm; chromosomes are make of DNA and histones(protein balls); surrounded by membrane/envelope; substances such as mRNA and ribosomes can fit; contains nucleolus/nucleoli

A

nucleus

78
Q

the nucleolus is the site of ________________________

A

ribosome production

79
Q

making of mRNA from DNA; occurs in the nucleus and cannot leave

A

transcription

80
Q

takes mRNA to a ribosome(no longer in the nucleus) to put together a protein

A

translation

81
Q

what are the 3 stages of making a protein?

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

82
Q

life of a cell from one cell division to the next

A

cell cycle

83
Q

produce gametes(sperm and eggs); has one set of chromosomes(1N; haploid)

A

gamatic cells

84
Q

normal body cells; includes cells that protect eggs; has 2 sets of chromosomes(2N; diploid; half from each parent)

A

somatic cells

85
Q

reasons why cells will go through the cell cycle:

A

repair, replacement, growth

86
Q

stages of the cell cycle:

A

G1, S, G2, M phase

87
Q

first gap(normal life of the cell)

A

G1

88
Q

DNA is doubled(replication); done by enzyme DNA polymerase

A

S

89
Q

double everything else(cytosol, organelles)

A

G2

90
Q

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

A

M phase

91
Q

centrosomes form and move to the poles from microtubules

A

prophase

92
Q

all chromosomes are lined up at metaphase plates; centrosomes are at poles; all chromosomes are attached to microtubules

A

metaphase

93
Q

chromosomes split and move to poles

A

anaphase

94
Q

all chromosomes are at the poles; nuclear membranes form

A

telophase

95
Q

cleavage furrow forms and the cell splits into 2 cells

A

cytokinesis

96
Q

a group of cells working together for a _______’s function

A

tissue

97
Q

study of the form and function of tissues

A

histology

98
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

99
Q

composed of epithelic and glands; covers all surfaces(external and internal)

A

epithelial

100
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and secretion

101
Q

types of intercellular connections

A

tight junction, desmosomes, and gap junctions

102
Q

the attachments will be near the free surface; makes epithelial tissue waterproof; glues cells together

A

tight junction

103
Q

staples, nails; stronger attachment

A

desmosomes

104
Q

straw-like proteins; function: communication of cytosol between cell; ex. cardiac muscle

A

gap junction

105
Q

opposite the free surface; composed of protein fibers

A

basement membrane

106
Q

proteins pivot between cells of the bottom layer of the epithelial to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

107
Q

what do the two names given to tissues stem from?

A

number of layers and shape of the cells

108
Q

what are the names that stem from the number of layers?

A

simple, stratified, and psuedostratified

109
Q

what are the names that stem from the shape of the cells?

A

cuboidal, columnar, and squamous

110
Q

one layer of cells; function: movement of fluid across the cell membrane

A

simple

111
Q

more than one layer of cells; function: protection(more layers=more protection)

A

stratified

112
Q

looked stratified but is only one layer; ex. esophagus, bronchial

A

pseudostratified

113
Q

dice shaped; height and width are equal

A

cuboidal

114
Q

tall rectangles

A

columnar

115
Q

tile shaped, double fried egg shaped

A

squamous

116
Q

types of glands/secretions

A

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

117
Q

done by normal exocytosis, releases secretion outside of the cell; ex. normal sweat glands, salivary glands

A

merocrine secretion

118
Q

the top half(free surface side) fills with secretion and falls apart, releasing the secretion(the bottom half is still there); ex. mammary gland

A

apocrine secretion

119
Q

total destruction of the cell; entire cell fills with secretion and falls apart; no cell left; usually has 2-3 layers and “wants tall columns on top”; ex. oil glands, sebaceous glands

A

holocrine secretion

120
Q

types of secretions/fluids

A

serous, mucous, and mixed

121
Q

clear, thinnest, slippery, has enzymes; usually found in the heart

A

serous

122
Q

thicker, cloudier, no enzymes; used to trap things such as bacteria and dust

A

mucous

123
Q

a combination between serous and mucous

A

mixed

124
Q

what are the requirements for connective tissue?

A

1)cells must be separated
2)there must be ground substance
3)must be fibers between cells

125
Q

what are the types of fibers?

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

126
Q

thickest, unbranched, stackable, gives strength and support, flexible

A

collagen

127
Q

thick, wavy, branched, recoil when stretched(ex. pina of ear)

A

elastic

128
Q

thinnest; lots of branches(goes in multiple directions)

A

reticular

129
Q

what are the 3 types of ground substances for connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper, liquid connective tissue, and supportive connective tissue

130
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense connective tissue

131
Q

characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

-not many protein fibers
-not organized
-lots of gel/space between cells
-located under all surface/skin

132
Q

types of cells in loose connective tissue

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, WBCs, and mast cells

133
Q

produces protein fibers

A

fibroblasts

134
Q

fat cells

A

adipocytes

135
Q

includes phagocytes(capable of engulfing bacteria) and macrophages(large phagocytes)

A

white blood cells

136
Q

vasodialators(open blood cells)

A

mast cells

137
Q

functions of loose connective tissue

A

storage, cushion, insulation, defend against infection(gel stops bacteria)

138
Q

characteristics of dense connective tissue

A

-cells are dominated by fibers
-avascular

139
Q

3 types of dense connective tissue

A

tendons, ligaments, and irregular/reticular dense connective

140
Q

connect muscle to bone, composed of collagen fibers

A

tendon

141
Q

connect bone to bone, contain both collagen and elastic fibers equally

A

ligament

142
Q

contain reticular fibers, flexible, attaches skin to anywhere else

A

irregular/reticular dense connective

143
Q

what are the 2 types of liquid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph

144
Q

cells in blood(liquid connective tissue)

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

145
Q

carries oxygen

A

red blood cells

146
Q

defends against infection

A

white blood cells

147
Q

responsible for clotting

A

platelets

148
Q

what is the liquid in blood?

A

plasma

149
Q

cell in lymph(liquid loose connective)

A

WBCs

150
Q

what is the fluid in lymph?

A

clear/milky-clear substance

151
Q

types of supportive connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

152
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A

-ground substance is similar to rubber cement or an old eraser
-all avascular
-cannot repair itself

153
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrous

154
Q

most common cartilage, mostly collagen fibers, located in between ribs and sternum, surround and support respiratory tubes

A

hyaline

155
Q

mostly elastic fibers; stained black; found in the epiglottis, pina of the ear, and the tip of the nose

A

elastic

156
Q

contains collagen and elastic fibers and more than the other 2, has “shark/fish eyes”, found in between the vertebrae and hip bones

A

fibrous

157
Q

characteristics of bone

A

-cement-like
-contains almost all collagen fibers(keeps bone from shattering)
-one of the most vascular tissues

158
Q

cells in bone

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

159
Q

cells in cartilage

A

chondrocytes

160
Q

4 types of membranes

A

mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous

161
Q

covers internal surfaces that are in contact with the outside environment; has loose connective tissue; simple

A

mucous membrane

162
Q

examples of places with a mucous membrane

A

digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive; mouth, nostrils, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina; bronchiole, alveoli

163
Q

lines/covers the surface of the ventral cavities; simple squamous; loose connective

A

serous membrane

164
Q

skin; only dry surface; stratified squamous; loose and dense connective

A

cutaneous membrane

165
Q

covers the surface that surrounds movable joints(articulations); incomplete simple squamous(produces synovial); loose connective

A

synovial membrane

166
Q

when stimluated, the _______ cells/fibers contract

A

muscular tissue

167
Q

protein filaments in muscular tissue

A

actin and myosin

168
Q

3 types of muscle

A

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

169
Q

when contracted, a bone moves; attached to bones

A

skeletal muscle

170
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

-long, unbranched, and multinucleated(longer=more nuclei)
-striated
-voluntary

171
Q

when contracted, blood moves out of the ventricles; maintains blood pressure; located in the walls of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

172
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

-short, has 1 nucleus
-branched, attached to the next muscle by an intercollated disk(contains gap junctions and desmosomes)
-striated
-involuntary

173
Q

found lining tubes and cavities; when contracted, it moves substances within these tubes and cavities

A

smooth muscle

174
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A

-short, 1 nucleus
-not striated(only 1)
-can shorten in all directions
-involuntary
-unbranched

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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