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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System(Blood) > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System(Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first system that develops in an embryo and at how many weeks is it developed?

A

the cardiovascular system; 3 weeks

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2
Q

a baby grows 2x its size by week _______ once the cardiovascular system is developed and can provide nutrients for growth

A

4

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3
Q

what are the 3 requirements for the cardiovascular system?

A

-fluid(blood)
-pump(heart)
-tubes(blood vessels)

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4
Q

what are the 5 functions of blood?

A

-transportation
-regulation of pH/composition of ions
-ability to form clots
-defense against pathogens
-regulate body temperature

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5
Q

what is transported in blood? (4)

A

-dissolved gases(O2, CO2)
-nutrients(glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids)
-wastes
-minerals/ions

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6
Q

what is caused by too low of pH?

A

coma

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7
Q

what is caused by too high of pH?

A

convulsions

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8
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of blood?

A

-100.4 temp
-pH of 7.35-7.45
-viscosity 5x more than water

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9
Q

what is viscosity

A

thickness

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10
Q

what type of blood vessel must almost always be used in drawing blood and which specific one is most commonly used?

A

vein; medial cubital vein

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11
Q

what is it called when blood is taken from a vein for a test or to be donated?

A

venipuncture

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12
Q

what is one of the only scenarios where an artery is used to draw blood and what precautions must be taken?

A

the person’s gas O2 or CO2 levels need to be tested; a surgeon must be present in case of needing emergency surgery to avoid bleeding out

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13
Q

what artery is used to draw blood if needed?

A

radial artery

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14
Q

why is it so dangerous to draw blood from an artery?

A

an artery brings blood from the heart and moves with more power, causing more of a chance of bleeding out

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15
Q

how much of blood is made up of plasma and what color is it?

A

55%; straw-colored

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16
Q

what 4 things make up plasma?

A

-albumins
-globulins
-fibrinogen
-regulatory proteins

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17
Q

60% of plasma; moves water in blood; carries/transports some lipids/hormones

A

albumins

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18
Q

35% of plasma; carry/transport lipids/hormones; immunoglobin antibodies(immune function)

A

globulins

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19
Q

4% of plasma; inactive clotting proteins

A

fibrinogen

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20
Q

<1% of plasma; ex. angiotension II

A

regulatory proteins

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21
Q

what makes up only 1% of plasma?

A

dissolved solutes(ions, glucose, hormones, nutrients, wastes)

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22
Q

what are the 3 formed elements in blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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23
Q

how much of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

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24
Q

what is another name for RBCs?

A

erythrocytes

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25
Q

measure of the amount of formed elements in blood; equal to the number of RBCs

A

hematocrit

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26
Q

what is the average male’s hematocrit?

A

4.6(meaning that 46% of blood is RBCs)

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27
Q

what is the average female’s hematocrit?

A

4.2

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28
Q

why do males have more RBCs/a higher hematocrit?

A

they have testosterone and androgens, which stimulate RBC production

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29
Q

what is the name of the shape of an RBC?

A

biconcave

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30
Q

why do RBCs have a biconcave shape?

A

so they have more surface area to exchange O2 and CO2 and so they have flexibility and can bend in tight places

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31
Q

does a fully mature RBC have organelles?

A

no

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32
Q

why do RBCs have no nucleus?

A

there is more space for hemoglobin and we do not want the RBC to control whether or not it divides

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33
Q

why do RBCs have no mitochondria?

A

we do not want the RBC to use any of the oxygen that it is supposed to be carrying

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34
Q

what percent of the proteins in the cytosol of an RBC is hemoglobin?

A

95%

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35
Q

what is 1 hemoglobin made up of? (3)

A

-4 polypeptide chains(2 sets of twins)
-4 heme units(1 per polypeptide)
-4 Fe+2 units(1 per polypeptide)

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36
Q

how many hemoglobins does each RBC have?

A

250 million

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37
Q

when body cells are not receiving enough oxygen; skeletal muscles are fatigued without exercising and brain has a hard time staying awake/alert even after sleeping

A

anemia

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38
Q

how long is the life span of an RBC?

A

90-120 days/3-4 months

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39
Q

what percent of RBCs will burst on their own and lose all protein chains in urine?

A

10%

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40
Q

what is it called when more than 10% of RBCs are bursting on their own, causing a orange-ish/red-ish tint to blood

A

hemoglobinuria

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41
Q

about what percent of RBCs are engulfed by phagocytes/macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow?

A

90%

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42
Q

what happens to polypeptide chains after RBC is engulfed?

A

they are broken down into their amino acids and placed into the bloodstream to be used

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43
Q

what happens to the heme units after RBC is engulfed?

A

they are converted into biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin, and then is placed into blood

biliverdin–>bilirubin–>into blood

44
Q

black/green color; day 1 bruise

A

biliverdin

45
Q

yellowish-brown color; day 2 bruise

A

bilirubin

46
Q

when bilirubin leaks back into blood and goes into body tissues, causing skin and scleras to turn yellow

A

jaundice

47
Q

iron in phagocytes are transported in blood on ___________–>taken into bone marrow(ferrin)

A

transferrin

48
Q

how much extra iron do females store?

A

.5g (less than males, this is why anemia is more common)

49
Q

how much extra iron do males store?

A

1g

50
Q

production of RBCs

A

erythropoesis

51
Q

what hormone controls erythropoesis?

A

EPO(erythropoetin)

52
Q

what 2 things control the release of EPO?

A

kidney and hair cells

53
Q

what are the 2 functions of EPO?

A

-stimulate production of more RBCs
-speed up maturation of RBCs

54
Q

name for antigens in blood

A

agglutinogens

55
Q

name for antibodies in blood

A

agglutinins

56
Q

has Rh antigen

A

Rh+

57
Q

does not have Rh antigen

A

Rh-

58
Q

what do agglutinins/antibodies do in blood?

A

agglutination

59
Q

the clumping of RBCs and clogging of capillaries

A

agglutination

60
Q

antigens: A, Rh
antibodies: B

A

A+

61
Q

antigens: A
antibodies: B, Rh

A

A-

62
Q

antigens: B, Rh
antibodies: A

A

B+

63
Q

antigens: B
antibodies: A, Rh

A

B-

64
Q

antigens: A, B, Rh
antibodies: none(universal recipient)

A

AB+

65
Q

antigens: A, B
antibodies: Rh

A

AB-

66
Q

antigens: Rh
antibodies: A, B

A

O+

67
Q

antigens: none(universal donor)
antibodies: A, B, Rh

A

O-

68
Q

when the mom attacks the baby’s blood at birth(mom=Rh-, baby=Rh+)

A

hemolytic disorders of the newborn(HDN)

69
Q

Rh- mom and Rh+ 2nd baby

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

70
Q

larger; contains a nucleus and other organelles; does not have hemoglobin; defends against pathogens, removes toxins and wastes, and destroys damaged/abnormal cells

A

WBCs/leukocytes

71
Q

secretory vesicles and lysosomes

A

granules

72
Q

WBCs that contain granules that can be seen with a microscope

A

granulocytes

73
Q

WBCs that contain granules that are too small to be seen with a light microscope

A

agranulocytes

74
Q

what are the 3 granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

75
Q

what are the 2 agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

76
Q

about how many WBCs are in circulation per mL?

A

6000-9000

77
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of WBCs?

A

-amoeboid movement
-diapedesis
-positive chemotaxis
-phagocytosis

78
Q

-50%-70% of circulating WBCs
-granules are chemically neutral and difficult to stain
-dense nucleus with 2-5 lobes looking like beads on a string
-1st to arrive at an injury site
-phagocyte(specializes in attacking bacteria)
-lifespan is 10 hrs
-engulf 1-2 dozen bacteria, dies, and releases chemicals to attract other ______________ to the site

A

neutrophils

79
Q

-granules stain with red dye
-2%-4% of circulating WBCs
-similar in size to neutrophils
-red color and 2-lobed nucleus
-attack objects coated with antibodies
-primarily attack by performing exocytosis with nitric oxide and cytotoxic enzymes that deteriorate but will also engulf the antibody marked bacteria, protezea

A

eosinophils

80
Q

-numerous granules that stain purple/blue
-smaller than neutrophils or eosinophils
-less than 1% of circulating WBCs
-migrate to injury site and release heparin and/or histamine and attract more eosinophils and ______________ to the site

A

basophils

81
Q

-largest WBC
-nucleus is largest and oval or kidney bean shaped
-2%-8% of circulating WBCs
-release chemicals that attract or stimulate other neutrophils, _____________, or phagocytes and bring fibroblasts to that area to from scar tissue
-can become either free or fixed macrophages

A

monocytes

82
Q

-large and contain a very large nucleus
-20%-30% of circulating WBCs
-migrate from bloodstream–>tissue–>bloodstream
-no phagocytes(use perforin or antibodies)
-protect against specific pathogens
-produced in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues(only WBC produced outside of this)

A

lymphocytes

83
Q

chemical that prevents blood clotting

A

heparin

84
Q

chemical that inflames tissue surrounding a cut

A

histamine

85
Q

macrophages that migrate and are very active; take on pathogens 2x its size

A

free macrophages

86
Q

macrophages stationed in connective tissue

A

fixed macrophages

87
Q

number of WBCs found in blood smear; determines a variety of infections, inflammatory, and allergic reactions

A

differential count

88
Q

low number of WBCs

A

leukopenia

89
Q

high number of WBCs

A

leukocytosis

90
Q

indicated by extreme leukocytosis; cancer of blood-forming tissues; also have abnormal/immature WBCs in blood; fatal unless treated

A

leukemia

91
Q

a group of 4(so far) hormones used to control all WBCs except lymphocytes

A

CSF(colony-stimulating factor)

92
Q

what controls lymphocytes?

A

exposure to antigens

93
Q

formed by megakaryocytes (pockets of cytosol that start the clotting process); lifespan of about 9-12 days; destroyed by phagocytes if not used

A

platelets

94
Q

number of platelets is too low; caused by internal bleeding

A

thrombocytopenia

95
Q

number of platelets is too high; caused by bone cancer or infection

A

thrombocytosis

96
Q

maintenance of constant blood vessels; used with blood loss; has 3 stages

A

hemostasis

97
Q

what are the 3 stages of hemostasis?

A

-vascular stage
-platelet phase
-clotting process

98
Q

innermost layer of blood vessel is simple squamous and 2nd layer is smooth muscle; cut=bleeding; smooth muscle does vascular spasms for about 20-30 mins, this closes the damaged opening of the blood vessel; damaged simple squamous releases sticky substances

A

vascular stage

99
Q

platelets release 2 substances(another sticky substance that brings in other platelets, which also releases sticky substances: platelet plug OR chemicals that stimulate clotting process)

A

platelet phase

100
Q

uses 11 or 12 clotting proteins; clotting factor–>activates 1st plasma protein–>2nd–>eventually get to Factor X(10th; prothrombinase)–> 11th(thrombin; activates 12th)–> 12th(fibrinogen which turns into fibrin)

A

clotting process

101
Q

web-like protein forming in clot

A

fibrin

102
Q

pathway in which the clot is formed from the inside of the wall of the blood vessel outward(until next pathway)

A

intrinsic pathway

103
Q

pathway in which clot is formed from the outside of the blood vessel wall toward the blood vessel wall

A

extrinsic pathway

104
Q

what is the main function of thrombin?

A

activates another enzyme that dissolves the clot

105
Q

the inability to form clots

A

hemophilia

106
Q

what are the 2 requirements to clot blood?

A

-clotting proteins
-Ca+2 and Vitamin K

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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