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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 7: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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2
Q

has over 700 muscles in the body; moves bones(directly or indirectly)

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

only one of these muscles, the heart muscle; moves blood

A

cardiac muscle

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4
Q

moves substances in organs and tubes

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

what are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?

A

-produce movement
-maintain posture and body position
-support soft tissues
-guard entrances and exits
-maintain body temperature

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6
Q

what are the 3 different types of tissue found in muscle?

A

connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue found in skeletal muscle?

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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8
Q

outermost connective tissue layer; composed of collagen and some elastic fibers; more dense than loose; covers the entire muscle?

A

epimysium

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9
Q

middle layer that surrounds/covers a group of muscle fibers called a fasciae; composed of collagen and elastic fibers

A

perimysium

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10
Q

peri + bundle

A

fascicle

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11
Q

innermost connective tissue layer; surrounds an individual muscle fiber; connects all muscle fibers within the fascicle(velcro)

A

endomysium

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12
Q

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium all come together to form a _______________ or an ____________

A

tendon; aponeurosis

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13
Q

muscles require large amounts of _______

A

O2

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14
Q

cell membrane of a muscle fiber; excitable membrane; uses impulses/electricity

A

sarcolemma

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15
Q

tube-like tunnels inside the muscle fiber so that the impulse can travel throughout the whole muscle fiber

A

t-tubules

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16
Q

surround each myofibril; contain large amounts of Ca+2

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

contain microfilaments(actin and myosin); there are hundreds to thousands of these in a muscle fiber

A

myofibril

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18
Q

beads; thin filaments

A

actin

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19
Q

heads; thick filaments

A

myosin

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20
Q

what moves actin?

A

myosin

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21
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fiber; contains cytosol and organelles

A

sarcoplasm

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22
Q

functional unit of a muscle fiber; thousands of these in one myofibril

A

sarcomere

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23
Q

bands/lines: length of myosin; dark line

A

A band

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24
Q

bands/lines: end lines

A

Z line

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25
Q

bands/lines: just actin; light band

A

I band

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26
Q

bands/lines: just myosin

A

H band

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27
Q

bands/lines: midline; holds myosin together

A

M line

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28
Q

bands/lines: where actin and myosin overlap

A

zone of overlap

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29
Q

number of myosin attached to actin

A

tension

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30
Q

opposing force to tension; weight you want lift

A

resistance

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31
Q

there is no tension until:

A

the rope moves

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32
Q

relaxation to a contraction back to relaxation

A

twitch

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33
Q

what are the 3 phases of a twitch?

A

latent
contraction
relaxation

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34
Q

twitch: muscle fiber is stimulated but it cannot contract; ACh is released and opens the Na+ gates, Na+ rushes in and forces the release of Ca+2 by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

latent

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35
Q

twitch: more Ca+2 is released and will expose the actin; about 15-20 msec

A

contraction

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36
Q

twitch: Ca+2 is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; there is no myosin on the actin, which means there’s no tension; about 10 msec

A

relaxation

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37
Q

when you add one impulse to another impulse

A

summation

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38
Q

1000s of impulses/summation, but not a smooth contraction; all muscle movement has some form of this

A

incomplete tetanus

39
Q

smooth/even muscle contraction; always barely overcomes resistance

A

complete tetanus

40
Q

nerve and number of muscle fibers it stimulates

A

motor units

41
Q

stimulates many fibers per nerve; gives more power

A

large motor units

42
Q

stimulates few fibers per nerve; less power, more precision

A

small motor units

43
Q

tension increases and surpasses resistance; muscle contracts/shortens; ex. lifting a book, moving a muscle

A

isotonic contraction

44
Q

tension increased but does not exceed the resistance; muscle stays the same length, does not contract/shorten; ex. moving a car in park, pushing a door you’re supposed to pull, sitting or standing at tension

A

isometric contraction

45
Q

how does a muscle go back to its original length? 3 ways

A

-the 3 layers of connective tissue
-opposing muscle
-gravity

46
Q

making of ATP from glucose/an organic macromolecule with the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

47
Q

which stage of aerobic respiration is the only part of anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

48
Q

what are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis
kreb’s cycle/tca cycle
etc

49
Q

aerobic respiration: takes glycogen and cuts it in half; done by enzymes; hydrogen goes out; is located in the cytosol of the cell

A

glycolysis

50
Q

aerobic respiration: located in the matrix of the mitochondria; enzymes do the work; pyruvates are brought in; 10 carriers go out; waste product is CO2

A

kreb’s cycle

51
Q

aerobic respiration:located in the inner mitochondrial membrane; done by membrane proteins; 12 carriers and O2 are brought in

A

etc

52
Q

what is TCA?

A

tricarboxylic acid

53
Q

what is ETC?

A

electron transport chain

54
Q

what is the end result of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates, 2 carriers, and 2 ATP

55
Q

what is the term for muscle fibers/muscles dying?

A

muscle atrophy

56
Q

stimulating other muscle fibers/muscles to help with a contraction

A

recruiting

57
Q

what protein is stored that can be used for energy?

A

creatine

58
Q

creatine + ATP

A

creatine-phosphate(CP) + ADP

59
Q

how is creatine-phosphate made?

A

take one phosphorus off of ATP and put it on creatine

60
Q

what controls the production of creatine-phosphate?

A

creatin phosphokinase(CPK)

61
Q

how long does stored ATP last during activity?

A

1-2 seconds

62
Q

how long does stored creatine-phosphate last during activity?

A

10-12 seconds

63
Q

no gasping=

A

aerobic respiration

64
Q

gasping=

A

anaerobic respiration

65
Q

how much ATP does glycolysis make?

A

2

66
Q

how much ATP does Kreb’s/TCA Cycle make?

A

2

67
Q

how much ATP does ETC make?

A

32

68
Q

why do people need to take more breaks and gasp during an anaerobic workout?

A

the only stage in anaerobic respiration is glycolysis, which only makes 2 ATP per glucose, so you run out of energy much quicker

69
Q

HC3H5O3

A

lactic acid

70
Q

even when stimulated by a neuron, the muscle does not respond; noodle/jelly legs

A

muscle fatigue

71
Q

why does muscle fatigue happen? 3 reasons

A

-ran out of energy/glucose
-not enough O2
-too much lactic acid buildup

72
Q

what is actin covered by?

A

tropomyosin

73
Q

where is calcium stored?

A

in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

74
Q

when is calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

when sodium comes in contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum

75
Q

when is sodium brought into the cell?

A

when the neuron releases acetylcholine

76
Q

how is acetylcholine released?

A

the nerve impulse reaches the synaptic terminal and calcium rushes in and forces the exocytosis of vesicles in the synaptic cleft

77
Q

what breaks the bond of actin and myosin during a contraction?

A

ATP

78
Q

thickest and widest fibers, can hold more myofibrils for more power

A

fast twitch/fast fibers

79
Q

how long does it take for a fast fiber to be stimulated and contract?

A

.01 seconds

80
Q

fast fibers are filled with myofibrils so they have lots of power, but they do not have a lot of room for ___________________ and ___________________, so they can only last for quick bursts of energy

A

mitochondria and O2 materials

81
Q

fast fibers are built for ____________________

A

anaerobic respiration

82
Q

what are 2 examples of muscles with fast fibers?

A

eyelids and fingers

83
Q

take more time to contract, thinner, have less myofibrils and less power, appears darker

A

slow twitch/slow fibers

84
Q

since slow fibers have fewer myofibrils, they have more room for mitochondria and O2 storage, meaning:

A

they can withstand longer bursts of energy

85
Q

what is the sister to hemoglobin that slow fibers contain?

A

myoglobin

86
Q

what type of respiration are slow fibers built for?

A

aerobic

87
Q

what are 2 muscles that have slow fibers?

A

calves and back muscles

88
Q

where the muscle starts

A

origin

89
Q

where the muscle ends; bone that moves

A

insertion

90
Q

how the bone moves

A

action

91
Q

muscle that moves the bone

A

prime mover

92
Q

opposite muscle; opposes prime mover

A

antagonist

93
Q

2 muscles that work together to move the same bone

A

synergist

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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