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Biomechanics > Bone Growth/Articulations > Flashcards

Bone Growth/Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Building blocks of bone

A

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, water

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2
Q

Cortical bone

A

compact, strong and dense, not much space between cells

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3
Q

Cancellous bone

A

spongy

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4
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sacrum, pelvis

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

appendages/limbs

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6
Q

2 types of ways bone grows

A

circumferential (circumference), longitudinal (longways)

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7
Q

Factors affecting bone development

A

Physical stress, nutrition, overuse, injuries/fractures

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8
Q

immoveable joints

A

bones of the skull (sutures)

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9
Q

Slightly moveable

A

two bones with fibrocartilage in between (pubic symphysis, vertebrae)

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10
Q

Freely moving

A

synovial joints

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11
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

hinge, pivot, ball and socket, gliding, saddle, condyloid

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12
Q

Hinge

A

uniaxial, allows flexion/extension (elbow)

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13
Q

Pivot Joint

A

uniaxial, one bone rotating around a fixed bone (C1/C2, radioulnar joint)

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14
Q

Ball and Socket

A

triaxial, allows movement in three plane of motion (acetabulofemoral, glenohumeral)

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15
Q

Gliding

A

plane joints, can be bi or triaxial slide along each other (tarsal joints)

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16
Q

Saddle

A

similar to ball and socket, biaxial, allow flexion/extension and abduction/adduction)

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17
Q

Condyloid

A

egg shaped bone (condyle) that fits into a similarly shaped bone (radiocarpal joint, biaxial)

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18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

reduces friction between two bones and protect underlying bone

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19
Q

Joint Capsule

A

isolates and covers entire joint, outer layer is fibrous connective tissue, underlying is synovial membrane

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20
Q

Joint Cavity

A

allows bones to move smoothly and help mobility, filled with synovial fluid

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21
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

helps get nutrients into the joint

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22
Q

Ligaments

A

helps give support to joint (stability)intra and extracapsular

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23
Q

Loading

A

Applying a foce

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24
Q

Stress

A

the force applied, every force has an equal/opposite reaction

25
Q

Stress equation

A

force/area

26
Q

Strain

A

resulting deformation

27
Q

Stress-strain Relationship

A

how much stress a material can withstand before permanent deformation occurs

28
Q

Compression

A

two forces being applied in opposite directions, create a pressing or squeezing effect (bone is strongest)

29
Q

Tension

A

two forces being applied in an opposite direction, colinear forces – act on the same line of application, create a pulling effect

30
Q

Shear

A

two forces acting in the opposite direction, parallel to each other, sliding (bone is weakest)

31
Q

Torsion

A

create a twisting effect

32
Q

Bending

A

compression on one side, tension on the other

33
Q

Combined

A

simultaneous loading

34
Q

Lever

A

rigid bar like structure that rotates around a fixed axis (bone)

35
Q

Force (effort)

A

muscle force, force they create when they contract

36
Q

Axis

A

fixed point that rotation happens around (fulcrum, joint)

37
Q

Resistance

A

whatever we’re trying to overcome

38
Q

Torque Equation

A

F x moment arm length

39
Q

Tmuscle = Tresistance

A

no movement

40
Q

Tmuscle > Tresistance

A

movement

41
Q

Tmuscle < Tresistance

A

drop object

42
Q

First class lever

A

F(MAL) = R(MAL), examples: Cervical extension (at C1 + atlanto-occipital) and triceps in elbow extension

43
Q

Second Class Lever

A

F(MAL)>R(MAL) examples: tip toes

44
Q

Third Class Lever

A

F(MAL)<R(MAL) most joints are third class levers

45
Q

Mechanical Properties of Bone Strength

A

resistance to fracture (Bone mineral density is a big factor)

46
Q

Mechanical Properties of Bone Elasticity

A

the ability to return to its normal shape after being deformed

47
Q

Mechanical Properties of Bone Fatigability

A

the measure of weakening of a bone due to repetitive stress

48
Q

Wolff’s Law (formal)

A

the form of bone being given, the bone elements place or displace themselves in the direction of functional forces and increase or decrease their mass to reflect the amount of functional forces

49
Q

Wolff’s Law (basic)

A

Bones will respond to the presence or absence of different forces placed on it with changes in size shape or density

50
Q

Properties of Articulations Elastic Limit

A

the farthest point a joint can be stretched and return to its original shape

51
Q

Properties of Articulations Stability

A

the ability to resist abnormal movement of the bones

52
Q

Properties of Articulations Mobility

A

ability to move through a pain free ROM

53
Q

Properties of Articulations Degrees of Freedom

A

number of planes a joint can have motions on

54
Q

Properties of Articulations Closed Pack Position

A

the joint orientation where there is maximal contact between articulating bones (high joint stability, taut)

55
Q

Properties of Articulations Loose Packed Position

A

any position that is not close packed

56
Q

Skeletal System 1st class lever

A

axis is in the middle, mechanical advantage depends on position of lever system

57
Q

Skeletal System 2nd class lever

A

resistance is in the middle, mechanical advantage is force production

58
Q

Skeletal System 3rd class lever

A

force is in the middle, mechanical advantage is speed/ROM

59
Q

Factors affecting Torque production

A

Amount of force, length of lever/moment arm, angle of attachment

Biomechanics (17 decks)

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