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Pyb100 > 12 / 13. Psychopathy > Flashcards

12 / 13. Psychopathy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychopathy in relation to culture?

A

types of mental illness as a function of culture
differential categorisation of mental illness
concept of abnormal behaviour and functioning can depend on the cultural context

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2
Q

what is the labelling theory?

A

diagnosis of a mental illness is a way of stigmatising people who society deem as deviant

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3
Q

what is the barriers of the labelling theory?

A

not beneficial as people are dehumanised and become patients wherein many subsequent behaviours are related back to their diagnosis illness

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4
Q

what are the benefits of the labelling theory?

A

a diagnosis can really help people understand or put a name to what they may have been feeling of experiencing

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5
Q

mental health

A

capacity of individuals to behave in a way that promote their emotions and social well-being

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6
Q

what are the 3 domains of the labelling theory?

A

cross cultural illnesses (schizophrenia (Sz), depression)
problems with labelling but diagnosis may result in treatment and research knowledge
neurological evidence of illness like Sz

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7
Q

mental health problems

A

wide range of behavioural and emotional abnormalities that affect people throughout their lives

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8
Q

mental disorder

A

a clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviours that cause distress to the individual and impair their ability to function as usual

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9
Q

what is the diagnostic and statistical manual

A

Used in Australia and USA

descriptive diagnosis - classified terms of clinical syndromes and clusters of syptoms

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10
Q

what is the latest diagnostic and statistical manual?

A

DSM-V 2013

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11
Q

what diagnostic statistical manual does England use?

A

ICD-10

Diagnosis on a scale/contiuum

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12
Q

what diagnostic statistical manual does Australia work from?

A

DSM

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of a DSM?

A

revolution on psychiatric nosology with the co-clustering of symptoms
early versions very dissimilar - now similar
produced by a single national professional association (APA)
produced primarily my US psychiatrists
Approved by APA
generates a very substantial portion of APA’s revenue, not only from sales of the bool, but also from related products and copyright permissions

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the ICD?

A 
function of, and ratified by the WHO - less information that DSM
produced by global health agency (WHO) with constitutional public health mission
WHO-Focus help reduce burden of mental disorders- ICD = global multidisciplinary and multilingual
approved by World Health Assembly = health ministers from 193 countries 
distributed broadly at a very low cost, with discounts to love income countries, free on internew
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15
Q

when was homosexuality removed from the DSM and why?

A

1973

used to be a diagnosable disorder of secual deviance

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16
Q

what is the most recent controversy about the DSM?

A

putting autism, asperger’s and pervasive developmental disorders all on the one scale of ASD (autism spectrum disorder)

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17
Q

what are the 4 theoretical approaches to psychopathy?

A

psychodynamic
cognitive-behavioural
biological systems
evolutionary

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18
Q

psychodynamic

A

3 broad classes of psychopathology = neuroses, personality disorders, psychoses

e.g. anxiety as a result of unconscious conflicts among an individual desires and fears

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19
Q

cognitive-behavioural

A

integrates classical and operant conditioning with cognitive-social approach

e. g. thoguhts that precede a panic attack, so assessment of the context or which thoughts trigger an aversive psychological reaction
e. g. anxiety, substance use disorders

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20
Q

other approaches

A

repression, denial, sublimation

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21
Q

repression

A

unconscious mechanisms employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

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22
Q

denial

A

blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is just too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it

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23
Q

sublimitation

A

similar displacement but in a positive defence way. Actively substituting / making something positive out of a negative way

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24
Q

what are the possible outcomes of repression?

A

leads to depression because the memory is too painful to deal with

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25
what are the possible outcomes of denial
leads to depression because of one denies something is happening - the sad reality is still there and felt unconsciously
26
what are the possible outcomes of sublimitation
leads to OCD - combat negative feelings by doing something enjoyable, but instead of dealing with source of the behaviour is repeared
27
id
unconscious mind
28
suer ego
higher moral compass controlling the id
29
ego
organised; conscious mind - mediates between desires of the Id & control of the Super-Ego
30
nosology
the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases
31
biological approach
cause determined from brain's circuitry, such as neurotransmitter imbalances, brain structure deformities or neural pathways impacting upon behaviours etc. so move from mental to physiological level
32
diathesis-stress model
evidence of genetic contribution - so genetic propensity and then environmental triggers (such as hostile family communication, birth complications, intra-uterine development of nervous system of drug use)
33
what is an example of the biological approach
the diathesis-stress model
34
what is involved in the system theory
family functioning cultural construct what role our social groups play
35
evolutionary approach
psychopathy not comprehensively explained in other approaches, and its counterintuitive as mental illness is often maladaptive, but can be useful to think about
36
what are the three ways the evolutionary perspective explains
natural selection emerging knowledge interplay of genes and envirnment
37
natural selection
examples is where anxiety is an evolutionary mechanism gone askew - fear can be our protector against enemies / predators but if maladaptive - often person is socially isolated and have less chance of reproducing [But many generations have evolved with mental illness so undermines this approach]
38
emerging knowledge
role of genes
39
interplay of genes and environment
normal processes go awry because of abnormal circumstances - fear is a protector but if faced with trauma a person may become preoccupied with fear and less functioning
40
what are the three classifications of disorders?
schizophrenic disorders - disorderd thinking depressive disorders - disturbances in emotion and mood anxiety disorders - anxiety states - intense fear - internal alarm bell that warns perceived potential danger
41
how are schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders characterised?
loss of contact with reality marked disturbances of thought (delusions) marked disturbances of perception (hallucinations) disorganised thinking abnormal motor behaviours
42
what do schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders include?
delusional disorders belief psychotic disorder schizophreniform disorder - Sz symptoms but for
43
what are the negative (something missing or absent) symptoms of schizophrenia?
flat affect . blunted emotional responses lack of motivation (avolition) socially inappropriate behaviour withdrawal from relationships peculiar/withdrawn interpersonal behaviour sometimes intellectual impairment
44
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions hallucinations loosening of associations
45
delusions
false beliefs firmly help despite evidence to the contrary | unfortunate often persecutory delusions - someone out to get me
46
hallucinations
perceptual experiences that distort or occur without external stimuli e.g. auditory hallucinations - most common (hearing voices) visual hallucinations - distortions of reality or complete new perception
47
loosening of associations
not controlled or logical thought... one thought leads to another --> disorganised speech
48
dopamine (DA) & Glutamate model
perceptual increased amphetamine use --> DA00 > Psychosis antipsychotics --> decrease DA in the brain (positive Sz) different neural circuits --> different clusters of symptoms (e.g. negative symptoms BUT it is all due to glucamate? recent evidence about PCP or angle dust which alters glutamate levels produces positive and negative symptoms
49
what are the complications of schizphrenia
often lack of insight sometimes reluctance to take medication social withdrawal (sometimes quite expert at hiding symptoms)
50
bipolar
episodes of mania/maniac AND OR episodes of depressive mood experience both poles of depression and mania
51
episode of mania / maniac
feelings of excessive happiness or euphoria inflated sense of self = a belief that one can do anything - can result in people taking risks - such as unrealistic ventures on a grandiose scale
52
episodes of depressive mood
persistent or severe feelings of sadness and hopelessness
53
unipolar
major depressive disorder depressed mood loss of interest in pleasurable activities disturbances i appetite, sleep, energy levels and concentration
54
what is anhedonia
loss of interest in pleasurable activities
55
dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder
less severe type of depression chronic low level depression lasting more than 2 years with intervals of normal mood that never last more than a few weeks or months effect on functioning more subtle (e.g. deminished self confidence) can be punctuated with episodes of major depressive episodes
56
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
depressed mood as a result of lack of sunlight in winter mood and behavioural changes with season change treatment with high-intensity fluorescent light 1/4 townsville residents have this
57
what are the genetic factors of bipolar?
high heritability - biological predisposition e.g. 80-90% people with bipolar have a family history of mood disorder neural transmission 5-HT and norepinephrine - involved in capacity to be aroused or energised
58
bipolar influence of cognitive aspects
dysfunctional patterns of thinking - cognitive disorders learned helplessness pessimistic explanatory style cognitive content + the way that information is processed negative triad
59
anxiety disorders
contemplation of new DSM V category was Mixed Depression Anxiety highlights the comorbidity - or how often depression is associated with anxiety disorders women have higher rates than men
60
OCD
not categorised under anxiety disorders but are a range oh disorders where often the person has / carries out unwanted obsession and compulsions to alleviate feelings of anxiety
61
what are examples of anxiety disorders?
``` phobias panic disorder agoraphobia social anxiety disorder generalised anxiety disorder ```
62
phobias
irrational fear
63
panic disorder
attacks of intense fear and impending doom
64
agoraphobia
fear of being in places / situations from which escape might be difficult (e.g. crowded grocery store, festivals) can be triggered from having panic attach and wanting to avoid another one
65
social anxiety disorder
fear of 'performing' in a social situation or performance (e.g. public speaking meetings, casual social events)
66
generalised Anxiety disorder
persistent anxiety at a moderate but disturbing level excessive and unrealistic worry about life circumstances
67
panic attacks - physiological systems
``` shortness of breath dizziness heart palpitations trembling chest pains ```
68
panic attacks psychological
fear of dying or going crazy
69
when and who was responsible for psychotherapy
19th century and Freud
70
what does psychotherapy focus on
insight and therapeutic alliance
71
insight
therapeutic change needs an understanding of one's internal workings of the mind
72
therapeutic alliance
the degree of comfort that the client has with the therapist in order to disclose personal information
73
what are the 3 main therapies
free association interpretation transference
74
free association
attempt to make the unconscious conscious - investigation of fears and desires --> flow of the Id - say whatever comes to mind
75
interpretation
explaining the meaning of the client behaviours n dreams, unconscious and conscious behaviours etc - therapist helps the translate and help the client understanding an make sense of their life
76
transference
client reacts to therapist as though they were significant others (so positive or negative feelings - cathartic release)
77
what are the 2 main types of psychodynamic treatment
psychoanalysis psychodynamic psychotherapy both address repetitive interpersonal patterns or difficulties
78
psychoanalsis
patient on couch, therapist behind so that the patient doesnt have to look 3-5 times per week for several days
79
psychodynamic psychoterapy
still exploration of the unconscious, but therapist & patient sit opposite each other without the couch 1-3 times a week for several years
80
cognitive behavioural therapies
short term more directive behavioural analysis stimuli + thought = symptom (unwanted behaviours / feelings) i.e. what are the antecedents to the behaviour
81
what is the process of the cognitive behavioural therapies?
``` Activating event beliefs consequences disputations of beliefs effective new beliefs ```
82
activating event
something happens to your or in the environment around you | e.g. a work colleague walks past and doesn't say
83
beliefs
you are a belief or interpretations regarding the activating event e.g. you think "Oh no, why didnt she talk to me? I have just upset her. maybe she doesnt like me?"
84
consequences
your belief has consequences that infuse feelings and behaviours e.g. you feel awful - lonely, anxious and sad. YOu avoid that person for the next day or two ruminating why you were ignored
85
disputations of beliefs
challenge your belief to create new consequences e.g. "there could be a lot of reasons why she walked past. Am i assuming the worst? maybe she was busy?"
86
Effective new beliefs
adoption and moderation of new adaptive beliefs e.g. "assuming the worst isnt helpful" "I hope that person is okay" "I can go and check later if she is okay" reality checking, social skills
87
what is the behavioural aspect of the cognitive behavioural therapy?
systematic desensitisation exposure therapy modelling and skill training mindfulness
88
treatment for panic attacks?
psychoeducation behavioural cognitive
89
psychoeducation
increases awareness what happens during attack investigations of triggers (if any)
90
behavioural treatment for panick attacks
deep breathing techniques pratctice of techniques exposure to hear racing experiences
91
cognitive treatment for panick attacks
refuting of thoughts about dying
92
what are the aims of humanistic therapies
reducing mechanistic and dehumanising aspects of therapy | helps people get in touch with their feelings - their true selves - and with a sense of meaning in their lives
93
what are the 2 main therapy types for the humanistic perspective?
gestalt | client-centerred
94
gestalt therapy
focuses on here and now what is someone experiencing empathy chair technique
95
client-centreted therapy
think abut psychodynamic and CBT psychodynamic - the therapist itnerprets someone's life for them and are needed to do so on a regular basis people seek assistance when life problems occur. These life problems occur when someone's concept of self is incongruent with their actual experience
96
CBT
cognitive behavioural therapy | the therapist can assess and diagnosis and are quire directive
97
Carl Rogers OR Rogerian approach
rejected disease model - "patients" - people come seeking therapy to solve problems not cures for disorders innate actualising tendencies is interrupted by --> external conditions of worth - standard were have placed on us by others in order to achieve positive regard problems arise because of a tension between who we are and who we want to be unconditional positive regard is key to therapeutic change
98
narrative therapy
tries to have less power imbalances (client has power not expert) uses externalising techniques externalising
99
externalising
separating the person from identifying with the problem
100
process of narrative therapy
1. therapist invites the person to tell the dominant story 2. naming and externalising 3. exploration / mapping of an alternative story 4. thickening the alternative story
101
eclectic approach
incorporates a variety of therapeutic principles and philosophies -> ideal treatment to meed the specific needs of the client
102
integrative or holistic therapy
many therapists dont tie themselves to anyone appraoch, instead they blend elements from different appraches -> integrative stranger theoretical basis to choosing the therapy
103
biological treatment
treatment to alter the functioning of the brain | targets psychological disorder as a pathology of the brain
104
what do biological treatments include?
psychotropic medications electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) psychosurgery
105
psychotropic medication
drugs that act on the brain to affect mental processes
106
personality disorders
chronic, severe disturbances that substantially impair ability to love or work
107
neuroses
enduring problems in life that cause distress or dysfunction
108
psychoses
gross disturbances involving a loss of tough with reality

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