8. Social Development Flashcards
(52 cards)
what are the multiple domains of development?
psychosocial, physical and cognitive
psychosocial development
encompasses changes in feelings, self-concept, interpersonal thought and behaviour across the life span
cognitive development
changes and continuities in perception, language, memory, learning, etc
physical
the growth of the body and its organs
what are the two critical issues psychological development include?
attachment and its implication for adult functioning
socialisation by parents and peers
Attachment
refers to an enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver
what does attachment involve?
desire of the child to be close to the care giver
a sense iof distress when the caregiver is absent
interaction between two people who react to each other’s signals
what is an early attachment theory?
attachment usually is between mother and child and may reflect feeding of the child by the mother
what did Harlow’s research demonstrate?
contact comfort was crucial elements in forming attachment relationships in primates
wha are Bowlby’s phases of attachment?
- indiscriminate sociability
- attachment in the making
- specific clear-cut attachments
- goal-coordinated partnerships
phase 1. indiscriminate sociability
0-2 months
responds actively with cries, smiles, coos and gazes to promote contact and affection from other people;
uses limited attachment behaviours less selectively than when older
phase 2. attachments in the making
2-7 months
increased preference for individuals most familiar and responsive to needs;
preferences reinforce parent’s affection; accepts certain forms of attention and care from comparative strangers;
tolerates temporary separations from parents
phase 3. specific, clear-cut attachments
7-24 months
preferences for specific people must stronger due to ability to represent persons mentally (PRJ)
ability to crawl and walk enables toddler to seek proximity to caregiver as a sage base for exploration
increased verbal skills = greater involvement
separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
infant’s disturbance at being separated from caregiver
stranger anxiety
a wariness and avoidance of strangers - appear near the beginning of phase 3
phase 4. goal coordinated partnerships
24 months and over
age 2 - increasing representational and memory skills for objects and events
growing ability to understand parental feelings and points of view and to adjust their view accordingly
growing capacity to tolerate short parental absences and delays and interruptions in parents’ undivided attention makes possible cooperation with others to meet needs
changing abilities are related to secure attachment relationships grounded in a sense of basic trust
how is attachment measured?
stage situation paradigm used to assess attachment in children
what is the process of stage situation paradigm when related to attachment of children?
mother leaves child (12 - 18 months) alone in room of toys
friendly stranger briefly joins child
mother rejoins
measure of attachment was in reaction of child upon mother leaving and returning to child
what are the 4 attachment patterns
secure
avoidant
ambivalent
disorganised
secure attachment
child welcome’s mothers return and seeks closeness to her (most common)
avoidant attachment
child ignores mother
ambivalent attachment
child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close to her
disorganised
child may approach mother but gaze away, and may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expression
what does attachment as an infant predict in humans?
as a child - self-control, peer acceptance and ability to perform in classroom
as an adult - current attachment style and relationship quality
