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1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells single or multi cellular?

A

prokaryotic are always single celled whereas eukaryotic are muti cellular

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus enclosed membrane?

A

yes

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus?

A

true

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4
Q

what does the nuclear envelope permit?

A

the separation of inside of envelope and cytoplasm

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5
Q

what is the formation of hnRNA from DNA to create mRNA

A

transcription

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6
Q

what do eukaryotic membranes consist of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

describe the parts of a phospholipid bilayer

A

-the hydrophilic part is water loving which interacts with the the aqueous environment in and out the cell.
-the hydrophobic part is is the water hating inner portion that creates barrier of the interior of the cell to the exterior

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8
Q

whats the cytosol do

A

allows for diffusion of molecules throught the cell . also perform metabolic reactions like glycolysis

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9
Q

whats within the nucleus?

A

genetic material encoded by DNA which is organized by chromosomes

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10
Q

true or false: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells go through mitosis why or why not

A

eukary do(true) in which they form two daughter cells while, prokaryotic dont(false) because they undergo binary fission due to not having a nucleus which contain chromosomes.

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11
Q

control center of the cell?

A

the nucleus

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12
Q

whats the nucleus surrounded by?

A

the nuclear envelope or membrane

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13
Q

nuclear membrane does what? 

A

maintains nuclear environment separate from the cytoplasm

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14
Q

nuclear pores?

A

allows a selective two way exchange of material between cytoplasm and NUCLEUS

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15
Q

genetic matetrial is called what

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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16
Q

coding regions in DNA is called what

A

genes

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17
Q

linear DNA is wounded to what and then what?

A

its wounded around histones and then into strands called chromosomes

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18
Q

where is rRNA synthesized?

A

in the nucleolus

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19
Q

what layers does the mitochondrion consist of? 

A

the outer and the inner layer( membrane)

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20
Q

outer mitochondrion layer serves to what?

A

serves as barrier from cytosol

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21
Q

inner mitochondrion is made up of what?

A

infoldings called cristae

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22
Q

what does cristae contain?

A

contains molecules and enzymes of the electron transport train

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23
Q

true or false cristae does not increase the surface area of the mitochondrion

A

false, it does

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24
Q

inter membrane space is between what in the mitochondrion? what about the mitochondrial matrix?

A

inter membrane(space) is between the outer and inner membranes(cristae) and the matrix is inside the inner membrane

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25
why are the mitochondria different form other parts of the cell?
they are semi autonomous meaning that they contain some of their own genes and replicate independently by binary fission
26
cytoplasmic inheritance?
aka extranuclear inheritance is the transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus
27
not all cells have the same organelles. why is that?
form follows function which means that its will only contain the organelles it needs. ex:cells involved in locomotion like sperm cells have high concentrations of mitochondria. RBCs have no organelles and only transport 
28
whats the mitochondria do? (2 things)
provide energy to keep cell alive and also make enzyme able to kill the cell due to the electron transport train.
29
whats apoptosis?
aka programmed cell death. kills the cell by release of enzyme from electron transport chain
30
whats the function of a lysosome
hydrolytic enzyme thats capable of breaking down substrates
31
what do lysosomes often function in conjunction with? and what do they do 
endosomes: They transport material to and from the membrane  
32
where can endosomes transport material to?
transgolgi, cell membrane and the lysosomal pathway for degredation
33
how do the enzymes that break down materials from the lysosome/ endosome not cause damage to the cell?
the lysosomal membrane 
34
what happens if release of enzyme from a lysosome escapes the lysosomal membrane?
autolysis which results in apoptosis
35
whats the endoplasmic reticulum interconnected to?
the membrane is interconnected to the nuclear envelope
36
whats the central lumen of the ER?
the space from the innerfoldings of the ER
37
which contains ribosomes on surface. RER or SER?
RER
38
what do the ribosomes on the RER do?
translates proteins directing them into lumen
39
SER function?
primarily synthesizes lipids( like phospholipids in the cell membrane) and also does detoxification of drugs and poisons
40
where does the SER transport proteins from and to?
from RER to golgi apparatus
41
whats the golgi apparatus consist of?
stacked membrane bound sacs
42
how are materials from the ER transported into the golgi apparatus?
by vesicles
43
whats the fuction of the golgi apparatus?
the modification center by addition of groups like carbohydrates, phosphates and sulfates.
44
after modification from the golgi apparatus what happens? 
repackages material into vesicles and then are directed to correct cellular location
45
exocytosis?
when vesicles bring materials to the outside of the cell to be excreted
46
endocytosis consists of what parts?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
47
differentiate: pinocytosis and phagocytosis
pinocytosis the passing of smaller materials between the cell membrane while phagocyotsis passes larger material
48
peroxisomes contain what?
hydrogen peroxide
49
main function of a peroxisome
breakdown of long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation
50
whats the cytoskeleton do?
provide structure and shape
51
how does the cytoskeleton help with transport of materials?
helps by containing motor proteins which use the cyoskeleton fibers as tracks
52
what are the 3 component of the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
53
whats microfilaments made up of
polymerized rods of actin
54
what are microfilaments resistant to 
compression and fracture which provides protection for the cell
55
actin can use __ to generate force for movement by interacting with__?
-ATP -myosin for muscle contraction
56
how do microfilaments play a role in cytokinesis?
cleavage furrow is formed from microfilaments which then pinches the connection of the two daughter cells in mitosis
57
what are hollow polymers of tubulin proteins
microtubules
58
what the primary function of microtubules?
provides primary pathways where motor proteins take protiens like kinesin and dynein who carry vesicles
59
what are cilia and flagella composed of?
microtubules
60
cilia? 
projections that move materials on surface of cell
61
flagella?
structures involved in movement of cell itself
62
whats the structure of flagella and cilia composed of?
nine PAIRS of microtubules in outer ring and only TWO (not pairs) microtubules in inner ring
63
9+2 structure is only seen where
only in eukaryotic organelles of motility ( movement)
64
what makes up a centrosome
centrioles
65
what to centrioles do?
organizing centers for microtubules they migrate to opposite pole during the divison of the cell
66
centriole structure?
nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center
67
how do sister chromatids separate?
centrioles attach to to the chromosomes by complexes called kinetochores pulling them apart turning them into two sister chromatids
68
intermediate filaments are a diverse group of filamentous proteins consisting of....
keratins, desmin, vimentin, and lamins
69
what are intermediate filaments involved in?
cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of cytoskeleton
70
intermediate filaments are able to withstand large amounts of tension how does this affects the cell?
it increases the structural rigidity of the cell
71
tissues consists of ___ which use__ filaments as key structure depending on the tissue type/role
cells, intermediate 
72
epithelial tissue cover what?
covers body and lines its cavities
73
basement membrane?
and underlying layer of connective tissue
74
4 types of tissue
connective epithelial nervous and muscle
75
whats the parenchyma?
the functional parts of the organ EX: nephrons in the kidney
76
polarized cells?
meaning one side faces the lumen and the other to the outside
77
what are the tyrpes of epithelial tissue
simple stratified and pseudostratified
78
simple epithelia
one layer
79
stratified epithelia
multiple layers
80
pseudostratified epithelia
looks like multiple layers but its just one
81
the 3 shapes found on the cell shape of the epithelia
cuboidal(square), columnar( long and thin), and squamous( flat and scalelike)
82
connective tissue ?
provide a framework for the epithelia cells to carry out their functions
83
list some connective tissues
bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood
84
what do connective tissues produce and secrete which forms the_____
collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix
85
the formation of a peptide from mRNA
translation
86
cytosol vs cytoplasm
cytosol is just fluid inside part of cell and cytoplasm is the cytosol and the organelles except the nucleus

bio (8 decks)

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