1.2 carbohydrates Flashcards
memorize
macromolecules
e large molecules that o$en have
complex structures.
polymers
long chain-like
substances composed of many smaller molecules that are linked together by covalent bonds.
monomers
the smallest
repeating unit of a
polymer
what are the 4 types of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
what are 2 examples of carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
monosaccharides
a
carbohydrate
composed of between
three and seven carbon
atoms
disaccharide
a
carbohydrate
composed of two
monosaccharides
joined by a covalent
bond
isomer
one of two or
more molecules with
the same number and
type of atoms, but
different structural
arrangements
Examples of common monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
why are Glucose, Fructose, Galactose isomers of each other
the different structures of these
molecules results in them having very di#erent three-dimensional shapes. !ese di#erences
are enough for the molecules to be treated very di#erently by your body and in the cell.
glycosidic linkage
the covalent bond between
monosaccharides
why are Some people lactose-intolerant
result from body cells being unable
to digest (break down) lactose into its monosaccharide monomers.
polysaccharide
a
carbohydrate polymer
composed of many
monosaccharides
joined by covalent
bonds between
particular atoms
Many
monosaccharides can join together by
glycosidic linkages
three common polysaccharides are
starch, glycogen, and cellulose. All
three are composed of monomers of glucose.
how are the type of glycosidic linkage between monomers of cellulose is different
from the type for starch and glycogen.
the different linkages are possible because the
hydroxyl group on carbon-1 of glucose can exist in two different positions. these positions
are referred to as alpha and beta. the alpha form results in starch
and glycogen, while the beta form results in cellulose.
