12 - Nucleic Acids & Heredity

Question 1

What do nucleic acids consist of? (5)

Answer 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous

Question 2

What 3 components do nucleotides consist of?

Answer 2

Pentose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous bases

Question 3

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases you have to know?

Answer 3

1) Adenine
2) Guanine
3) Cytosine
4) Thymine
5) Uracil

Question 4

What are the pairings of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 4

AT, AU
CG

Question 5

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 5

mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)`

Question 6

What is the purpose of messenger RNA?

Answer 6

Carries information from DNA to ribosomes through the process of transcription

Question 7

What is the purpose of transfer RNA?

Answer 7

Brings amino acids to ribosomes for production of proteins in process of translation

Question 8

What is the purpose of ribosomal RNA?

Answer 8

Integral part of ribosomes

Question 9

What is genetics?

Answer 9

The study of heredity

Question 10

What is a gene?

Answer 10

A segment of DNA which codes for a protein. The functional unit of heredity.

Question 11

What is an allele?

Answer 11

An alternative form of a gene

Question 12

What is a genotype?

Answer 12

The actual gene that an organism has (e.g AA, Aa, aa)

Question 13

What is a phenotype?

Answer 13

The physical expression of a gene

Question 14

What is an autosomal chromosome?

Answer 14

A chromosome which is not a sex chromosome

Question 15

What are the male sex chromosomes?

Answer 15

XY

Question 16

What are the female sex chromosomes?

Answer 16

XX

Question 17

What type of pentose sugar is found in DNA?

Answer 17

Deoxyribose

Question 18

What type of pentose sugar is found in RNA?

Answer 18

Ribose

Question 19

When was the current DNA model first described? By whom?

Answer 19

1953.
Watson & Crick

Question 20

What percentage of DNA is non-coding?

Answer 20

98.5%

Question 21

What is a nucleoside?

Answer 21

Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

Question 22

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 22

Nucleoside + phosphate group

Question 23

How many genes are there in the human genome (approximately)?

Answer 23

20,000 - 25,000

Question 24

What is a somatic cell? How many chromosomes do they have?

Answer 24

A biological cell, forming the body of a multicellular organism

46 chromosomes (diploid)

Question 25

How many chromosomes does a diploid cell have?

Answer 25

46

Question 26

What kind of cell has 46 chromosomes?

Answer 26

Diploid/Somatic

Question 27

What are germ cells? Where are they located? Do they undergo mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 27

Cells which give rise to gametes Gonads Meiosis

Question 28

What is a gamete? How many chromosomes do they have?

Answer 28

A cell which fuses during sexual reproduction 23 chromosomes (haploid)

Question 29

How many chromosomes does a haploid cell have?

Answer 29

23

Question 30

What kind of cell has 23 chromosomes?

Answer 30

Haploid

Question 31

What is mitosis?

Answer 31

A sequence of events leading to the division of one somatic mother cell into 2 genetically-identical somatic daughter cells

Question 32

What is meiosis?

Answer 32

When germ cells divide to form gametes, leading to the production of 4 genetically-different daughter cells

Question 33

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 33

Interphase Propase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis IPMATC

Question 34

What are the stages of meiosis?

Answer 34

Interphase Propase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Cytokinesis Propase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 Cytokinesis

Question 35

What proportion of the cell's life is spent in interphase? What occurs during it?

Answer 35

Majority of cell life spent in interphase. Normal cell activities. DNA replicates and prepares for mitosis

Question 36

What occurs during prophase?

Answer 36

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes Centrioles migrate to the ends of each cell Spindle fibres attach to centromeres Nuclear envelope disintegrates

Question 37

What occurs during metaphase?

Answer 37

Chromosomes align at the nuclear equator

Question 38

What occurs during anaphase?

Answer 38

Spindle fibres separate the chromatids 2 identical sets of chromosomes move to separate ends of the cell Cytokinesis begins

Question 39

What occurs during telophase?

Answer 39

Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes Chromosomes decondense into chromatin Cytokinesis continues

Question 40

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 40

Division of the cell's cytoplasm