9 - Brain & Spine

Question 1

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 1

The roots of spinal nerves which extend inferiorly from the lumbosacral enlargements and conus medullaris

Question 2

What is the location of the cerebellum?

Answer 2

Attached to brainstem, inferior to the pons

Question 3

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 3

The grey matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum.

Question 4

What are the cervical nerves?

Answer 4

Spinal nerves 1-8

Question 5

What is the coccygeal nerve?

Answer 5

Spinal nerve 31

Question 6

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 6

The region on the spinal cord where the spinal cord tapers to a cone-like shape.

Question 7

Where is the diencephalon?

Answer 7

Between the brainstem and cerebum.

Question 8

What is the diencephalon composed of?

Answer 8

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 9

What is the endoneurium?

Answer 9

Connective tissue layer surrounding an axon and its myelin sheath

Question 10

What is the epineurium?

Answer 10

Dense connective tissue layer surrounding nerve fascicles

Question 11

What is a fissure?

Answer 11

A groove in the brain

Question 12

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

The most inferior part of the diencephalon

Question 13

What are the lumbar nerves?

Answer 13

Spinal nerves 21-25

Question 14

What is the medulla oblongata?

Answer 14

The most inferior part of the brain stem, continous with the spinal cord

Question 15

What is the perineurium?

Answer 15

Connective tissue layer surrounding a group of axons.

Question 16

What are the sacral nerves?

Answer 16

Spinal nerves 26-30

Question 17

What are the sulcus?

Answer 17

Grooves on the cerebrum of the brain

Question 18

What is the thalamus?

Answer 18

The largest part of the diencephalon

Question 19

What are the thoracic nerves?

Answer 19

Spinal nerves 9-20

Question 20

What are the vertebrae?

Answer 20

Bones of the vertebral column, encasing the spinal cord

Question 21

What are the three layers of nerve structure, inner->outer?

Answer 21

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

Question 22

The dorsal root is….

Answer 22

sensory

Question 23

The ventral root is…

Answer 23

motor

(v = vroom vroom)

Question 24

What does the brainstem connect? What does it contain?

Answer 24

Connects spinal cord to cerebrum.

Contains medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Question 25

What is the function of the medulla oblongata? What reflex centres does it contain (4)?

Answer 25

Pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts. 1) Heart rate 2) Breathing 3) Swallowing 4) Vomiting

Question 26

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 26

Contains ascending and descending tract. Assists medulla oblongata in regulating respiratory movements. Contains pontine sleep centre, which initiates REM sleep.

Question 27

What does the midbrain contain? What is its function?

Answer 27

Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts. Serves as visual reflex centre, and is part of the auditory pathway.

Question 28

What does the reticular formation control? 4 items.

Answer 28

Motor control Pain perception Rhythmic contractions Sleep-wake cycle

Question 29

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 29

Control of muscle movement & muscle tone Controls balance Regulates voluntary movement Involved in the learning of motor skills

Question 30

What is the function of the thalamus? What is it a part of?

Answer 30

Sensory relay centre, influences mood and movement Part of diencephalon

Question 31

What is the function of the subthalamus? What is it a part of?

Answer 31

Contains subthalamic nuclei and ascending and descending tracts. Subthalamic nuclei have a role in controlling motor functions. Part of diencephalon

Question 32

What is the function of the epithalamus? What is it a part of?

Answer 32

Consists of habenula and pineal gland. Habenula is involved in motivational control of behaviour. Pineal gland functions involve modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Part of diencephalon

Question 33

What is the function of the hypothalamus? What is it a part of?

Answer 33

Controls the endocrine system. Also has roles in regulating - muscle control - body temperature regulation - food/water intake regulation - emotions - sleep/wake cycle - sexual development/behaviour Part of diencephalon

Question 34

What are 4 regions of the cerebrum?

Answer 34

Cerebral cortex Hippocampus Amygdala Basal nuclei

Question 35

What does the cerebrum control? 5 items.

Answer 35

Perception Thought Memory Emotion Conscious motor activity

Question 36

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

Answer 36

Sensory, motor and association areas

Question 37

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 37

Involved with learning and memory

Question 38

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 38

Involved with social behaviour and emotions

Question 39

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

Answer 39

Controls muscle activity and posture

Question 40

What are dural folds?

Answer 40

Tough connective tissue partitions which extend into the major brain fissures

Question 41

What is the function of the brain's ventricles?

Answer 41

Bathe brain with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 42

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 42

Motor function, motivation, planning, regulation of mood and sense of smell

Question 43

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 43

Receives and integrates sensory information (Hot chips)

Question 44

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 44

Receives and integrates visual input

Question 45

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 45

Smell and hearing, role in memory (temples near ears so hearing, temporal ~time so memory)

Question 46

What is the function of the insula lobe?

Answer 46

Taste, apparently

Question 47

What does grey matter consist of?

Answer 47

Cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals of neurons

Question 48

Where do autonomic motor neurons travel through?

Answer 48

Lateral horn of grey matter

Question 49

Where do somatic motor neurons travel through?

Answer 49

Ventral horn of grey matter

Question 50

What are the two types of synapse in humans?

Answer 50

Chemical Electrical

Question 51

What is the most common type of synapse in humans?

Answer 51

Chemical

Question 52

Where are electrical synapses found?

Answer 52

Cardiac muscle Some smooth muscles