1.2: organisations in CJS(roles)

Question 1

who does the home office oversee

Answer 1

the police service
aka law enforcement

Question 2

who does the ministry of justice oversee

Answer 2

-national probation service
-HM courts and tribunals
-HM prison service

Question 3

who does the attorney generals office oversee

Answer 3

the crown prosecution service(CPS)

Question 4

what is the home office

Answer 4

-repsonsible for crime prevention, public safety and security
-this is run by the home secretary who is Yuette Cooper

Question 5

what are the home offices priorities and how it is funded

Answer 5

key priorities:
-cut crime
-protect vulnerable people
-reduce terrorism
-control migration
it was allocated £15.7 billion in 2023/24 from government taxation

Question 6

what is the police service

Answer 6

-acts as the first point of contact
-opperates within 43 constabularies across the country
-specialist units such as drug squad designed to address complex issues
-must follow strict legal protocols to protect individual rights such as PACE and the humans rights act

Question 7

what are the responsibilities of the police service

Answer 7

-protecting life and property: by responding to 999 calls
-crime prevention: visual patrols to deter crime
-investigating crimes: secure and examine a crime scene
-apprehend offenders: power to arrest
-maintain public order
-supporting witnesses and victims

Question 8

what is the attoney generals office

Answer 8

-provides legal advice to the UK government
-oversee application of the rule of law ensuring the government comply to legal standards
-run the the attoney general who is Loud Richard Hermer

Question 9

what are the general attoneys office priorities and how it is funded

Answer 9

priorities:
-uphold the law
-provide high quality advice
-ensure justice is served fairly and consistently
-in 2023/24 they recieved £72.2 million
-small team of about 40 civil servants

Question 10

what is the CPS

Answer 10

-main role to ensure justice is served by prosecuting offendes
-under the prosecution of offenders act (1985) they advice the police on cases that may warrant a prosecution
-under the criminal justice act (2003) they determine charges for “all but minor cases”, where police decide minor cases

Question 11

what is the CPS (additional info)

Answer 11

-operates across 14 geographical areas
-specalisist divisons such as the CPS direct, which provide 24/7 charging advice to the police
-decided prosecution decisions using the full code test
-the evidental stage is based on sufficent evidence and the public interest stage
-run initatives like the victims right to review scheme

Question 12

what is the ministry of justice

Answer 12

-responsible for upholding the law, ensuring justice and maintaining effective of the CJS
-run by the secretary of state for justice who is Shabana Mahmood

Question 13

what are the ministry of justices priorities and how it is funded

Answer 13

priorities:
-protect and advance principles of justice
-deliver a world class justice system
-work with other departments
-ensure sentences are served and offenders are encouraged to turn their lives around
in 2023/24 this recieved the budget of £22.5 billion

Question 14

what is HM courts and tribunals

Answer 14

-ensure cases are heard efficiently and fairly
-the type court depends on the type of offence

Question 15

what are the types of offences

Answer 15

summary offences:
-minor offences such as speeding which is dealt with in a magistrate court
either way offences:
-can be tried in either magistrates or crown court depending on the severity such as theft
indictable offences:
-for the most serious crimes and are always tried in crown courts with a preliminary hearing in a magistrates court, examples are murder

Question 16

what is a magistrate court

Answer 16

• the court of first instances and conducts first hearings like bails and warrents
  -handles 95% of criminal cases
  -offences are summary or either way
  -magistrates are volunteer laypersons who hear cases in panels of 3 (bench)
  -a legally trained district judge also presided over cases
  -impose max custodial sentence of 12 months

Question 17

what is a crown court

Answer 17

-established in 1971 under the courts act
handles serious either way and indictable offences
-if defendant pleads not guilty a jury of 12 people are needed to determine the verdict, and the judge decides the sentences
-if the defendant pleads guilty then it goes straight to the judge deciding the sentence

Question 18

what is a youth court

Answer 18

-specialised division of the magisrate court which deals with offenders aged between 10-17
-however serious crimes although start in a youth court are transfered to a crown court
-proceedings are not open to the public to protect their identities
-the court is tailored to be more sensitive such as referring to the defedant by their first name
-priorities rehabilitation over punishment

Question 19

what is the court of appeal

Answer 19

-hears and reviews appeals from lower courts to ensure justice and consistency
-the criminal division handles appeals from the crown court
-the civil division handles appeals from the high court
-this isnt conducting a new trial it is reviewing whether the original trial was conducted fairly

Question 20

who are the personnel in the courts

Answer 20

-magistrates: volunteer lay people
-district judge: provide legal expertise in decisions
-crown court judge: act as a referee
-jury: 12 people who decide the verdict
-prosecution legal team: present a case against the defendant
-defence legal team: represent the defendant and challenge evidence

Question 21

what is a sentence

Answer 21

• a penalty or punishment imposed by the court on a defendant who has been found guilt
  -must reflect the crime severity and circumstances surrounding it
  the sentencing council provide guidelines to promte consistency and transparency

Question 22

what is a custodial sentence

Answer 22

-involves the offender being sent to prison
-this is for serious crimes and if the offender has a repeated history

Question 23

what is a community sentence

Answer 23

-a non custodial sentence
-offender is required to perform unpaid work or comply with other conditions
-designed to punish and rehabilitate, as offender remains in the community

Question 24

what is a financial penalty

Answer 24

-fines and compensation orders
-based on the severity and the offenders ability to pay

Question 25

what is a suspended sentence

Answer 25

-a custodial sentence is imposed but not immediately served -offenders have the chance to stay out of prison by compling with certain conditions -absolute discharge is where there is no penalty at all as crime is so minor -conditional discharge is where offender is released but must not commit futher crime

Question 26

what is the HM prison service

Answer 26

-responsible for keeping those sentenced to prison in custody -ensure individuals are securely detained and rehabilitation needs are met -provide care for the welfare of prisoners

Question 27

what are the HM prison service categories

Answer 27

-there are 122 prisons, 105 are government run while 17 are privately run -Cat A: high security to house the most dangerous offenders -Cat B: medium security for offenders who have committed serious crimes but unlikely to escape -Cat C: low security for offenders who cannot be trusted but unlikely to escape -Cat D: open prisons for low risk offenders who have demonstrated good behaviour

Question 28

what are the HM prison service incentive programmes

Answer 28

-IEP's are to encourge good behaviour and support rehabilitation -standard: most offenders begin at this level where they recieve standard privileges -enhanced: demonstating good behaviour receiving addictional privileges -basic: engage in poor behaviour downgraged to restricted privileges

Question 29

what is the national probation service(NPS)

Answer 29

-responsible for supervising high risk offenders who have been released into the community -works to protect the public -ensuring effective rehab by adressing the underlying cause -support their reintegration into society this will make communities safer as less reoffending

Question 30

what is the NPS's categories of offenders

Answer 30

-supervises around 30,000 offenders a year -offenders are assigned on one of three categories based on the likihood of reoffending and the threat they pose to the public -tailored approach in each category

Question 31

what is the NPS's category for high risk offenders

Answer 31

-pose a significant threat to the public -due to severity of past offence or likihood of reoffending -receive intense supervision and assigned an offender manager who regularly monitors their progress and behaviour

Question 32

what is the NPS's category for medium risk offenders

Answer 32

-dont pose an immediate danger but have a moderate likihood of reoffending -may have committed a serious crime but show a lower risk of violence -receive moderate supervison with regular meetings

Question 33

what is the NPS's category for low risk offenders

Answer 33

-considered unlikely to reoffend -committed a less serious crime and have shown significant progress -receive less frequent supervision

Question 34

what is the NPS's role in pre-sentencing reports

Answer 34

-reponsible for preparing the pre-sentencing report for the court -includes details on offenders personal history like current mental health -assesses the offendings risk of reoffending and their potential harm they pose to the public -this infomation is used to make recommmendations to judges on the most appropriate sentence

Question 35

what are charities

Answer 35

-provide help and support to those in need like victims -non profit organisations which rely on donations and have their activies carried out by volunteers

Question 36

how do charities influence the criminal justice system

Answer 36

-support victims of crime: "victim support" provide emotional and practical support by ensuring their needs are met and voice is heard -rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders: "prison reform trust" adress the root cause -advocacy for policy reform: "howard league of penal reform" campaign to improve prison conditions -prevention of crime: "streetwise" offer young people education

Question 37

what is a campaign for change

Answer 37

-a coordinated effort to raise awareness and influence public opinion -adress SEEP issues -use strategies like public demonstrations -create a shift in attitudes

Question 38

how do campaigns for change influence the criminal justice system

Answer 38

-advocate for legal reforms -leading to the introduction of new laws and amendments to existing ones

Question 39

how the does the anne ming campaign manifest campaigns for change

Answer 39

-removal of the double jeopardy rule in the criminal jusitce act in 2003 -meaning offenders could be prosecuted for the same serious offence

Question 40

how the does the snowdrop campaign manifest campaigns for change

Answer 40

-led to the firearm (amendment) act 1997 -banned private ownership of handguns in the UK in response to the dunblane massacre

Question 41

how the does Sarah's law manifest campaigns for change

Answer 41

-led to the child sex offender disclosure scheme in 2014 -where parents could request information from the police on individuals who pose risk

Question 42

how the does Clare's law manifest campaigns for change

Answer 42

-introduced the domestic violence disclosure scheme in 2014 -giving the right to ask on partners history and the right to know where proactively informed by the police