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criminology unit 4 > AC3.1- role of agencies in social control > Flashcards

AC3.1- role of agencies in social control Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the aims of the police

A

-primary aim is to maintain public order, prevent crime and protect citizens

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2
Q

what are the objectives of the police

A

-law enforcement: ensure compliance and deter criminal behaviour
-crime prevention: reduce opportunities for crime
-protecting life and property: responding to emergencies
-investigation: collecting evidence

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3
Q

how is the police funded

A

-in 2023-24 they received £17.2 billion
-a third of this is through council tax
-recieve specific funding such as counter-terrorism
-recieve additional income through special services like police football match

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4
Q

what is the philosophy of the police

A

-operate under the “peelian principle” which was established in 1829 by Sir robert peel
-preventing crime
-maintaining a good relationship with the public
-acting impartial and avoiding unnecessary confrontation
-focusing on the rule of law
-accountability for actions

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5
Q

what are the working practices of the police

A

-working alongside communities by conducting patrols
-responding to emergency and non emergency calls
-investigating crimes by interviewing suspects and conducting arrests
-attending court and proving evidence

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6
Q

what are the types of criminality and offenders in the police

A

adress all forms of crime
-counter-terrorism police: investigate terorism threats by gathering intelligence
-british transport police (BTP): ensure passenger safety
-cyber crime unit: investigate online crimes
-firearms police: respond to armed incidents

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7
Q

what are the roles in the police

A

-police constables: frontline officers
-police community support officers(PCSO’s): engage with the community
-special constables: volunteer police officers
-detectives: specialised officers who investigate complex crimes
-police and crime commissioner(PCC): elected offical who oversee policing in their area

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8
Q

what is the reach of the police

A

-national and regional
-43 territorial police forces
-each oveseen by an elected police and crime commissioner
-national law enforcement agencies like national crime agency

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9
Q

how is social control achieved by the police

A

-internal: enforcing laws reinforces social norms and helps offenders internalise social rules which promes conformity
-external: achieved through a visible pressence which deters unlawful behaviour through fear of punishment and ensures accountability. also exert physical coercion with the power to arrest

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10
Q

what are the aims of the CPS

A

-establised under the prosecution of offenders act 1985
-ensure fairness, consistency and independance in prosecutional decisions

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11
Q

what are the objectives of the CPS

A

-delivering justice: offenders are held accountable
-maintaining independence: operating dependent from the police and making impartial decisions
-public confidence: acting with transparency and professionally
-victim and witness support: provided with the necessary support

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12
Q

how is the CPS funded

A

-government funded body
-in 2022-23 they recived the budget of £763 million
-additional income is generated from costs recovered from the defendant like confiscation orders

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13
Q

what is the philosophy of the CPS

A

-committment to justice, fairness and rule of law
-follow the code of practice for crown prosecutors AKA the full code test:
-evidential stage is based on sufficent evidence
-public interest stage
-this duel approach ensures cases arent solely pursued based on evidence

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14
Q

what are the working practices of the CPS

A

-decide which cases should be prosecute
-determine appropriate charges in serious and complex cases
-advise the police with the CPS direct
-make representations about bail conditions
-prepare and present cases
-provide support to victims
-maintain victims right to review scheme

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15
Q

what are the types of criminality and offenders in the CPS

A

-prosecutes all types of criminality and offender
-from minor to serious crimes
-broad spectum of offenders
for more serious cases the CPS have specialist divisions such as the counter terrorism division which provides expertise

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16
Q

what is the reach of the CPS

A

-local and national reach
-operate in 14 geographical areas overseen with a chief crown prosecutor
-the CPS direct provide a virtual 15th area available 24/7 to provide the police with charging advise

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17
Q

how is social control achieved by the CPS

A

-internal: enforce societal norms and laws by prosecuting offender, ensuring individuals are held accoutable
-external: upholds public trust by demonstating that criminal acts are adressed fairly and impartially, ensures that there is a fear of punishment which leads to deterrence

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18
Q

what are the aims of the judiciary

A

-intrpret and apply the law fairly and impartially

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19
Q

what are the objectives of the judiciary

A

-adjudicating cases
-protecting rights: ensuring legal protections are upheld for victim and defendant
-interpreting legislation: applying statues
-sentencing offenders: imposing the proportionate penalty

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20
Q

how is the judiciary funded

A

-funded by the government through the ministry of justice
-judicial salaries are decided by the senior salaries review board who provide independany advise
-this minimises political influence

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21
Q

what is the philosophy of the judiciary

A

operates under the principles of impartiality, independance and the rule of law
-judicial independance: making decisions without interference from the government
-equality of law: fair treatment
-human rights: under the european convention on human rights(ECHR)
-precedent and consistency

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22
Q

what are the working practices of the judiciary

Study These Flashcards
A

ensure fair and lawful proceedings
-guide the jury: by explaing evidence and advise on applying the law
-rule on legal points
-after a guilty verdict using the sentencing coucil guidelines to decide a fair sentence
-under the criminal justice act (2003) judges may determine the verdict due to jury tampering
-in higher courts the judge decides on appeal

23
Q

what are the types of criminality and offenders in the judiciary

Study These Flashcards
A

adress all levels of crime
-youth court: offenders aged 10-17
-magistrate court: low level offences, of summary or minor either way
-court court: serious cases, of severe either ways, or indictable offences, also oversees appeals from the magistrate court
-court of appeal: formally reviews decisions from lower courts
-supreme court: highest court for the most powrful judges

24
Q

what is the reach of the judiciary

Study These Flashcards
A

-local and national reach
-lower courts of magistates and crown court are divded to regional jurisdiction to handle local cases
-over 70 crown courts and over 150 magistrates
-supreme and court of appeal have nationwide jurisdiction

25
how is social control achieved by the judiciary
-internal: ensures fair trials and imposes appropriate sentences, helps internalise morality -external: sentencing role and fear of punishmen, holds offenders accoutable which achieves deterrence and a custodial sentence achieves physical coercion
26
what are the aims of the prison service
-protect the public by securely detaining those convicted to a custodial sentence -deemed a risk to society
27
what are the objectives of the prison service
-public protection -punishment and retribution -rehabilitation: proving education -deterrence -justice: delivering a proportionate punishment
28
how is the prison service funded
-government via the ministry of justice raised via taxation -in 2023/24 UK spent £6.85 billion of prison service as average place costs £51,000 a year -also supports 17 private prisons who operate under government contracts
29
what is the philosophy of the prison service
-punitive: restricting offenders freedom which reinforces societal norms -rehabilitative: recognise importance of addressing the underlying cause via programmes and interventions -human rights: operare under UCHR and prison act (1952) ensuring prisoners are treated with dignity
30
what are the working practices of the prison service
-maintaining security: strict protocols to prevent escape: -intervention programmes: range of services such as education and skills training, and behavioural programmes like CBT -incentive and earned privileges: to encourage good behaviour and support rehabilitation, three levels of standard, basic and enhanced
31
what are the types of criminality and offenders in the prison service
accomodate a wide variety of criminality -cat A: highest security -cat B: medium security -cat C: low security, but not trusted for open conditions -cat D: open prison for offenders nearing the end of their sentence -specialist prisons: focused on a specific population such as young offenders institutions
32
what is the reach of the prison service
-national reach -meaning offenders could be sent to any prison around the country -122 prisons with 105 being government run and 17 being private
33
how is social control achieved by the prison service
-internal: rehabilitating offenders thus reducing the likihood of reoffending, by internalising societal rules -external: acts as a deterrent as consequences creates fear of punishment, maintain control via physical coercion
34
what are the aims of the NPS
-under the offenders management act(2007), must protect the public by reducing reoffending -supporting offenders reintegrate into society
35
what are the objectives of the NPS
-rehabilitation: addressing causes of behaviour -supervision and monitoring: ensuring offenders adhere to terms -public protection: managing risk of offender -support services: providing pratical assistance
36
how is the NPS funded
-served by 35 probation trusts funded by prison and probation service via ministry of justice through taxation -in 2023/24 recieved £1.7 billion -did become partially privitised in 2014 however this was scapped in 2020
37
what is the philosophy of the NPS
balancing public protection with rehabilitation -promoting change: adressing the root cause -restorative justice: encouaging offenders to take responsibility -risk management -community integration: promoting social inclusion
38
what are the working practices of the NPS
-work with 30,000 offenders each year -conduct risk assessments -prepare pre-sentencing reports -monitor offenders through regular meetings -via MAPPA it works with other agencies like the police to supervise high risk offenders supports the victim by ensuring their voice is heard
39
what are the types of criminality and offenders in the NPS
4 catagories of offenders -very high risk and high risk offenders are supervised by probation officers -medium and low risk offenders are supervised by probation service officers -low risk and youth offenders are supervised by community rehabilitation companines
40
what is the reach of the NPS
-national and regional -12 different NPS regions -each overseen by a regional probation director
41
how is social control achieved by the NPS
-internal: achieved via rehabilitation programmes addressing the root cause, which promotes behavioural change -external: achieved via fear of punishment as non conformity leads to further punishment such as returning to prison which leads to physical coercion, non violent coercion via supervising
42
what are the aims of the howard league for penal reform
-to create a safer society by reducing crime and promoting a fair, and humane penal system
43
what are the objectives of the howard league for penal reform
-reducing the use of prisons -improving rehabilitation and reformation -influencing policy and legislation
44
what is the philosophy of the howard league for penal reform
-rehabilitation over punishment: adressing the root cause -humane treatment and human rights: respecting the dignity of offenders -community based solutions: non custodial sentences
45
what are the working practices of the howard league for penal reform
-advocacy and policy development: conducting research on reducing prison population and engaging with policymaker -legal support: challenging unncessary imprionments by promoting altenatives -education and public awareness
46
what is the books for prisoners campaign by the howard league of penal reform
-lauched in 2014 -response to government policy restricting prisoners from receiving books -argued books to be essential for education and highlighted the negative impacts towards literacy and ability to gain qualifications -in 2015 it was successful as it gained widepread support
47
what is the citizenship and crime project by the howard league of penal reform
-education initative aimed for primary and secondary schools to be taught about crime and responsible citizenship -reached over 20,000 children aged 10-16 -encouraged to critically think of causes and consequences of crime
48
what are the aims of vicitim support
-provide comprehensive support to individuals affected by crime -ensuring the vicitims rights and needs are met
49
what are the objectives of victim support
-offering tailored support services -promoting awareness of victims rights -advocating for systematic improvements
50
what is the philosophy of vicitm support
compassion, empowerment and inclusivity -victim centred approach: those affected are heard and respected -restorative justice: adressing the harm and forestering understanding -preventing revictimisation: protecting victims
51
what are the working practices of victim support
-emotional support: providing counselling through trained staff -practical help: assisting offenders navigate the CJS -helplines and online services: operating 24/7 support helplines and digital resources -community engagement and awareness: offering educational workshops and campaigns
52
what is supportline campaign by victim support
-free, indepedent and confidential support to victims -receives over 55,000 calls a year where victims can talk to fully trained staff offering 24/7 immediate emotional support -also a live chat, which receives over 5,000 emails a year -achieves external social control as vicitms can report crime and provide a witness statement, therefore seeking justice
53
how is social control achieved by charities
-internal: promote rehabilitation such as educational programmes and restorative justice -external: advocating for policies which push for criminal justice reforms

criminology unit 4 (10 decks)

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