1.2 (Quiz 1) Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
microorganisms so highly pathogenic that they generally produce disease whenever they enter the host
A
Obligate pathogens
“Party Crashers”
2
Q
Bacteria are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)
A
prokaryotes
3
Q
Fungi are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)
A
eukaryotes
4
Q
parasites are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)
A
eukaryotes
5
Q
___ are not cells and need the machinery of another living cell (either eukaryotic or prokaryotic) in order to replicate
A
Viruses
6
Q
Very clearly non-self (Innate or adaptive recognition)
A
Innate recognition
7
Q
PAMPs
A
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
8
Q
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), (Innate or adaptive recognition)
A
Innate recognition
9
Q
Evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens that are recognized by the ___ immune system
A
innate
10
Q
PRRs
A
Pattern recognition receptors
11
Q
Recognized by Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), (Innate or adaptive recognition)
A
Innate recognition
12
Q
More specifically non-self (Innate or adaptive recognition)
A
adaptive recognition
13
Q
Specific molecule segments, conformations, or sequences (Innate or adaptive recognition)
A
adaptive recognition
14
Q
Recognized by T-cell receptors if presented on MHC or B-cell receptors if extracellular (Innate or adaptive recognition)
A
adaptive recognition
15
Q
plasma cell precursor
A
B lymphocytes
16
Q
effector T cell precursor
A
T lymphocytes
17
Q
epithelial barrier immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
innate
18
Q
mast cells immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
innate
19
Q
phagocytes immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
innate
20
Q
dendritic cells immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
innate
21
Q
NK and ILCs immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
innate
22
Q
B lymphocytes immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
adaptive
23
Q
T lymphocytes immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
adaptive
24
Q
plasma cells immune system (innate or adaptive)
A
adaptive
25
effector T cells immune system (innate or adaptive)
adaptive
26
Key Immunological Goals
Protect, Detect/Recognize, Recruit help, Eliminate/Tolerate, Remember
27
humoral immunity responding lymphocytes
B lymphocyte
28
humoral immunity effector mechanism
secreted antibody
29
block infections and eliminated extracellular microbes
humoral immunity function
30
cell-mediated immunity (phagocytosis in macrophage) responding lymphocytes
helper T lymphocyte
31
cell-mediated immunity (phagocytosis in macrophage) effector mechanism
cytokines -> activated macrophage
32
elimination of phagocytosed microbes
cell-mediated immunity (phagocytosis in macrophage) function
33
cell-mediated immunity (viral replication) responding lymphocytes
cytotoxic T lymphocyte
34
cell-mediated immunity (viral replication) effector mechanism
killed infected cell
35
kill infected cells and eliminated reservoirs of infection
cell-mediated immunity (viral replication) function
36
complement immune system (innate or adaptive)
innate
37
Phagocytes Digest what they have eaten then “present” ___
antigen to T cells
38
Severe, invasive infections with encapsulated (carbohydrate-coated) bacteria
Complement
| doesn’t work
39
Soft tissue abscesses or lymphadenitis
Phagocytes don’t work
40
Main job is to make and secrete antibodies
B Cells
41
Opsinization, neutralization, complement activation
B Cells
42
Can secrete antibodies at or near the site of inflammation or can be distant
B Cells
43
Recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections (Sinusitis, Ear Infections, Bronchitis, Pneumonias) with bacteria
B cells and
| Antibodies don’t work
44
Direct immune responses
CD4 “Helper” T cells
45
Kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens like viruses, fungi, etc.
CD8 “Cytotoxic” T cells
46
Control & modulate immune responses
“Regulatory” T cells
47
Inability to generate effective antibody responses, Severe viral and fungal infections, Autoimmunity
T cells don’t work
48
Facilitate communication/coordination of immune system
Cytokines & Chemokines
49
May promote larger systemic effects (i.e. fever)
Cytokines
50
Mediate cell attraction/migration of other immune cells via chemotaxis
Chemokines
51
First line of defense, Rapid activation/response, Immediately present
innate immune system
52
Physical and Chemical Barriers
innate immune system
53
Specialized Blood cells
innate and adaptive immune system
54
Broadly distinguish self from non-self
innate immune system
55
no memory
innate immune system
56
Recruited response (delay) when innate response cannot control/eliminate
adaptive immune system
57
Highly specific, coordinated
adaptive immune system
58
Generates immunological
adaptive immune system
59
Sites of immune cell genesis and development
Central/Primary structure of immune system
60
Bone Marrow (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Central/Primary structure of immune system
61
Thymus (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Central/Primary structure of immune system
62
Sites of immune cell activation and differentiation
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system
63
Spleen (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system
64
Lymph Nodes (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system
65
Tonsils/Adenoids (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system
66
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system
67
Epithelial Barriers (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system; not technically immunology organ but has important immunologic function
68
Blood (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)
Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system; not technically immunology organ but has important immunologic function
69
Engulf bacteria and other small cells and particles, Digest to destroy them
Phagocytes
70
Most effective against bacterial and fungal pathogens (viruses are too small and parasites are too large)
Phagocytes
71
aka PMNs
Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
72
Most abundant leukocyte circulating in blood
Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
73
Large stores in bone marrow
Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
74
Recruited to tissues when needed by chemokines
Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
75
First line defense with short lifespan
Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
76
Die after phagocytosing pathogens, debris
Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
77
Tissue residents/sentinels, long life span
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
78
Derived from circulating blood monocytes
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
79
Generally the first to respond to danger
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
80
Phagocytose pathogens, debris
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
81
Function as Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
82
APC
Antigen Presenting Cell
83
Secrete cytokines that initiate inflammation
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
84
Secrete chemokines that recruit other immune cells
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
85
cytokines
initiate inflammation
86
chemokines
recruit other immune cells
87
Crucial to wound healing
Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
88
Migrate between tissues and lymphoid organs
Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
89
Phagocytose pathogens, debris then present what they find to T cells in lymphoid organs (APC)
Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
90
Can differentiate from monocytes/macrophages
Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
91
Secrete cytokines and chemokines
Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
92
Bridge innate and adaptive immune system
Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)
93
Scan for normal cells and kill abnormal cells
Natural Killer cells (Innate Lymphocytes)
94
Directly kill the affected cells
Natural Killer cells (Innate Lymphocytes)
95
Important for defense against viral infections, malignancy
Natural Killer cells (Innate Lymphocytes)
96
Integrated in epithelial cell linings
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) (Innate Lymphocytes)
97
tissue resident and respond to stimuli via secretion of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators stored in granules
Mast cells (innate immune system)
98
very low numbers in blood, similar functions to mast cells, control of parasites
Basophils (innate immune system)
99
enter tissue from blood, kill parasites (nematodes, etc) by secreting toxic major basic protein, induce peristalsis and promote allergic inflammation
Eosinophils (innate immune system)
100
Serum proteins present in inactive form
Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)
101
Once the presence of a pathogen is detected, an enzymatic cascade is initiated
Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)
102
Results in lysis of bacterial pathogen, release of inflammatory signals, recruitment and activation of immune cells (both innate and adaptive)
Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)
103
work alone or in combination with antibodies
Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)
104
Small peptides with anti-microbial activity
Defensins (soluble component of innate immune system)
105
Found in mucosal and intestinal secretions, body fluids
Defensins (soluble component of innate immune system)
106
___ bind to and ‘recognize’ general classes of ___
PRPs, PAMPs
107
encoded by germline DNA
PRRs
108
there are many types of ___ but they are ___ and always the ___
PRRs, finite, same
109
B-lymphocytes are part of __ immunity
humoral (adaptive)
110
T-lymphocytes are part of __ immunity
cell-mediated (adaptive)
111
Recognize specific antigen with specific receptor (B cell receptor)
B-lymphocytes (adaptive)
112
Activated in secondary lymphoid organs
B-lymphocytes (adaptive)
113
When activated, ___ differentiate into ___ to secrete enormous amounts of a soluble form of their B-cell receptor (___)
B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, antibody
114
soluble form of their B-cell receptor
antibody
115
Antibodies highly specific and have crucial anti-microbial functions
B-lymphocytes (adaptive)
116
Respond to a great variety of pathogens
B-lymphocytes (adaptive)
117
molecule (protein, lipid, sugar, etc) that is capable of binding to the specialized receptors of adaptive lymphocytes and generates an immune response
Antigen
118
specific part of an antigen recognized by the specialized receptors
Epitope
119
Activated in secondary lymphoid organs, then migrate to site of infection
T lymphocytes (adaptive)
120
Recognizes specific protein antigens, requires presentation by MHC molecules
T lymphocytes (adaptive)
121
Respond to all types of pathogens, but particularly important for viral, fungal, and intracellular bacterial pathogens
T lymphocytes (adaptive)
122
"Helper cells"
CD4+ T cells
123
“Killer Cells”
CD8+ T cells
124
“Regulator cells”
T-regs
125
ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL for an effective adaptive immune response (and thus survival)
T lymphocytes (adaptive)
126
recognize native antigen
B cells
127
recognize processed antigen presented on MHC
T cells
128
group of lymphocytes that arising from a single common precursor that recognize a specific and distinct antigen
Clone
129
fully developed lymphocyte that has yet to have been successfully activated by it’s specific antigen
“Naïve” lymphocyte
130
lymphocyte that has encountered it’s specific antigen and received appropriate signals to differentiate
“Active/Activated” lymphocyte
131
activated lymphocyte that is exerting an active effect (also may hear effector functions)
“Effector” lymphocyte
132
Small molecules that are secreted by immune and non-immune cell types
Cytokines
133
Provide instructions for immune cells regarding the type of infection and what the immune cells should do
Cytokines
134
Can act locally and/or systemically
Cytokines
135
“between immune cells”
Interleukins (Cytokines)
136
Chemoattractant cytokines
Chemokines
137
Tell immune cells where to go
Chemokines
138
Used in normal immune cell trafficking (helps them find and go into lymphoid organs) and induced in case of infection (to find the tissue site of infection)
Chemokines
