2.1 (Quiz 1)

Question 1

peptide chain from each strand cross-links to chain from adjacent strand, alternating NAM-NAG residues

Answer 1

Peptidoglycan

Question 2

thick peptidoglycan layer bacteria (often more highly cross-linked)

Answer 2

Gram positive

Question 3

Single lipid membrane bacteria

Answer 3

Gram positive

Question 4

Teichoic acids and lipteichoic acids (bacteria)

Answer 4

Gram positive

Question 5

Thin peptidoglycan layer bacteria

Answer 5

Gram negative

Question 6

Inner and outer lipid membranes (periplasmic space between) (bacteria)

Answer 6

Gram negative

Question 7

Lipopolysaccharides (bacteria)

Answer 7

Gram negative

Question 8

round bacteria shape

Answer 8

Coccus

Question 9

Evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens that are recognized by innate immune system

Answer 9

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 10

Characterized by being invariant among entire classes of pathogens

Answer 10

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 11

Essential for survival of pathogen and distinguishable from “self”

Answer 11

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 12

type of germ-line encoded receptor for PAMPs

Answer 12

Toll like receptor (TLRs)

Question 13

peptidoglycan and yeast cell wall components (TLR#)

Answer 13

TLR2

Question 14

double stranded RNA (some viruses) (TLR#)

Answer 14

TLR3

Question 15

lipopolysaccharide (gram negative bacteria) (TLR#)

Answer 15

TLR4

Question 16

bacterial flagellin (TLR#)

Answer 16

TLR5

Question 17

persistence or growth of organism (may or may not cause disease)

Answer 17

Infection

Question 18

clinical apparent injury to host

Answer 18

Disease/illness

Question 19

organism capable for causing disease

Answer 19

Pathogen

Question 20

quantity of pathogen required to cause disease

Answer 20

Infectious dose

Question 21

degree of pathogenicity (often determined by virulence factors and mechanisms which are present)

Answer 21

Virulence

Question 22

molecules or agents that allow na organism to infect, persist, cause damage, avoid immune system, etc. within a host

Answer 22

Virulence factor

Question 23

way in which organisms utilizes specific virulence factors to cause disease

Answer 23

Mechanism of virulence

Question 24

Intake of preformed toxin

Answer 24

Intoxication

Question 25

Often short incubation period (minutes to hours)

Answer 25

Intoxication

Question 26

Does no require intake of live cells

Answer 26

Intoxication

Question 27

Examples: botulism, staph gastroenteritis

Answer 27

Intoxication

Question 28

Intake of viable organisms

Answer 28

Infection

Question 29

Often longer incubation period (days to weeks)

Answer 29

Infection

Question 30

Cells cause damage to house while growing in vivo

Answer 30

Infection

Question 31

Examples: salmonella gastroenteritis, tuberculosis

Answer 31

Infection

Question 32

Microbial virulence factors can contribute to pathogen’s success in moving through 5 step process:

Answer 32

Contract/entry, Attachement, Colonization, Penetration/persistence, Exit

Question 33

necessary to colonize and produce disease; May cause disease itself or provoke phagocytosis

Answer 33

Attachment (Microbial Virulence)

Question 34

controlled expression of virulence to optimize damage (i.e. quorum sensing

Answer 34

Gene regulation (Microbial Virulence)

Question 35

substance which directly or indirectly cause damage to hose cells

Answer 35

Toxins (Microbial Virulence)

Question 36

toxins secreted by cell

Answer 36

Exotoxins

Question 37

toxins not secreted by cell

Answer 37

Endotoxin

Question 38

allows for virulence factors to leave cell

Answer 38

Protein secretion (Microbial Virulence)

Question 39

virulence factors go into environment around cell (i.e. general secretory pathway in G+)

Answer 39

Non-specific protein secretion

Question 40

virulence factors injected directly into host cell (i.e. type-III secretion system in some G-)

Answer 40

Specific protein secretion

Question 41

ability to invade cells or provoke phagocytosis

Answer 41

Cellular Invasion (Microbial Virulence)

Question 42

ability to survive in phagocytic vacuole or leave it; may survive and cause disease intracellularly

Answer 42

Intracellular lifestyle (Microbial Virulence)

Question 43

ability to suppress or detour immune reaction (i.e. TH1 vs TH2 response stimulation)

Answer 43

Host Immune modulation (Microbial Virulence)

Question 44

promotes continued growth or regulates virulence gene expression

Answer 44

Iron or other nutrient acquisition (Microbial Virulence)

Question 45

Gram-positive stain color

Answer 45

purple

Question 46

Gram-negative stain

Answer 46

red/pink